effect of microwave on human body ppt

Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Zhang et al. Radiat Res. 2013;32:27380. Zhao et al. Neurotoxicology. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. J Neurosci. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Dasdag et al. Biochem J. Dasdag et al. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Cassel et al. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. 2004;23:20114. Google Scholar. 2003;41:26887. Biomed Environ Sci. Neuroreport. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Behav Brain Res. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Bioelectromagnetics. Google Scholar. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;53:22230. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. eliminating microwave and RF sources. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Singh et al. 1992;6:379. Xu et al. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. 2000;6:18793. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. millimeter, or equivalently. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Wang et al. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. 2015;51:15865. 2015;36:4804. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;80:177. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Google Scholar. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. [42] found similar results. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Terms and Conditions, Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Gold PE. 1994;10:13548. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. 2009;72:20514. Wang et al. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Radiat Res. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. 1994;15:95104. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. 2011;174:211. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Gold PE. PubMed Central Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. 2005;130:591600. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. 2011;31:2293301. Cobb et al. Abe M, Bonini NM. 2005;1042:1018. 2005;22:32931. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. 2012;3:3440. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. 2006;98:170713. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Bioelectromagnetics. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Cell Biochem Biophys. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. CAS Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Neuroreport. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Int J Radiat Biol. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. 2017;38:106976. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Merola et al. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. 2016;397:2239. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Environ Health Sci Eng. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. 2012;62:22336. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Indian J Occup Environ Med. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Article Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. radiation with wavelengths. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. PubMed Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;28:445. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Trends Cell Biol. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. J Natl Cancer Inst. Mol Brain Res. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Biomed Environ Sci. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. 2014;70:84555. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 2013;23:306. 2009;4:e4389. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. 2013;73:4737. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. J Med Food. Military Medical Research Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Mol Neurobiol. Am J Epidemiol. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Exp Neurobiol. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Wang et al. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Gene. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. PubMed 1984;5:6370. 2013;5:5500110. 2007;34:146779. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. 2010;39:67594. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. J Sleep Res. 2004;996:8996. Qutob et al. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Google Scholar. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. 1999;9:3438. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. 2012;25:1828. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Ning et al. Yale J Biol Med. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. 2006;5:389. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2002;13:11921. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Clinics. Int J Radiat Biol. Arch Environ Health. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Sci Total Environ. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. CAS 2008;86:718. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. 2007;28:187380. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Acta Neurol Belg. Kwon et al. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Mil Med Sci. 2004;2004:19. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). 2013;34:26474. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Xiong et al. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Bioelectromagnetics. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Vorobyov et al. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Google Scholar. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. 2017;326:291. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Suhhova et al. PubMed Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Neurobiol Learn Mem. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. 2006;27:295306. PLoS One. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. 2006;79:13140. Bioelectromagnetics. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. 2008;169:3845. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. CAS [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Clin Neurophysiol. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Behav Brain Res. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Wang et al. 1992;114:16202. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. 2013;42:428. 2008;49:16370. Int J Radiat Biol. J Mol Neurosci. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. J Environ Health. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. 2010;2010. Article Chin J Birth Health Hered. Motawi et al. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. 2004;115:1490505. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Am J Epidemiol. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes.

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