kassites in the bible

11, no. The Bible makes many references to a people known as the "Cushites," implying they are the descendents of Noah's grandson Cush, who inhabited the "Land of Cush" in Old Testament times. (Joshua 24:2 NIV), So because Gideon broke down Baals altar, they gave him the name Jerub-Baal that day, saying, Let Baal contend with him. (Judges 6:32 NIV), You must not worship the LORD your God in their way, because in worshiping their gods, they do all kinds of detestable things the LORD hates. They continued to refer to such units after they had taken control over cities. These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. In addition, no Kassite anthroponyms and toponyms are recorded in these regions according to the above-mentioned early sources. 23. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. C. Edens, On the Complexity of Complex Societies: Structure, Power, and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia, in G. Stein and M. S. Rothman eds., Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Monographs in World Archaeology 18, Madison, Wis, 1994, pp. [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. 39:1-45:5 - the most detailed account in the Old Testament of Babylon conquest of Jerusalem and its aftermath. 15:7). It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. During the time of the Canaanite conquest the most profound source of extra-biblical evidence is from a cache of letters called the Amarna letters. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. (2011, August 03). First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium,. It has also been suggested that the first element in Kudur-Enlil's name is derived from Elamite but that is disputed.[49][50]. 2, 2004, pp. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. [10][11] A few inscribed building materials of Kurigalzu I were found at Kish. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. ''Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf'', Journal of Near Eastern Studies, LXV/2, 111-119.Richardson, S. (2005). Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. World History Encyclopedia. This is when they are shown on the Biblical Timeline with world history. Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. 271-81. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). The Assyrians Reception of a victorious. H. Gasche, J. Volume 1 Kardunia. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. Idem, rev. The fact that the river ordeal, which in the Old Babylonian period is mainly recorded in texts from Susa, has become more common in Babylonia during the Kassite than in the preceding (Old Babylonian) period may point to an origin of the Kassites east of Babylonia, but is not conclusive evidence. Brill, pp. Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. Submitted by Jan van der Crabben, published on 03 August 2011. 9, pp. There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. [26] This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. 55, pp. However, Elams raids caused the demise of the Kassite dynasty in 1150 BCE (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. Kassites are recorded in Nuzi during the 15th century BCE (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Peri Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 - 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. 5 ff. Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. The new rulers, non-Babylonians known as Kassites, adopted Babylonian conventions in their royal iconography and inscriptions. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. Kassite. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? Kassites (among others) were included in the workforces (mostly agricultural laborers): individuals defined as Kassites (Ka) or bearing Kassite names appear in ration lists. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. Dr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. The event is recorded in Genesis 12. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. The Kassite kings were called, by themselves and their colleagues in other Near Eastern states, kings of the land of Kar(an)dunia, the latter being a term for Babylonia that may have been Kassite in origin (del Monte and Tischler, 1978, pp. For a time I said I was an atheist. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. 257 ff. During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. Namri was named Babil, i.e., Babylon, in Urartian inscriptions, according to Diakonoff and Kashkai (1979, pp. Agum the prince (? This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. 3 Where did the Kassite people originally come from? [in:], Biggs, Robert D. A Letter from Kassite Nippur. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. [21] At the site of Isin, which had been abandoned after the time of Samsu-iluna, major rebuilding work occurred on the religious district including the temple of Gula. Kassite. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty eBook : Charles River Editors: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store J. Eidem, The Shemshra Tablets 2: The Administrative Texts, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 15, Copenhagen, 1982. This form resembles the much later Greek name Kossaioii, Lat. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. "Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. It is believed that in the ancient city existed the legendary "Hanging Gardens of Babylon," which were terraced gardens of celestial beauty that were maintained by an automated watering mechanism. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. The Kassites seem to be relatively new to the region, in view of the fact that they do not appear among the peoples who inhabited the central and southern Zagros according to Sargonic and Ur III sources. They gained control of Babylonia after the Hittite sack of Babylon in 1531 BC, and established a dynasty generally assumed to have been based first in that city, after a hiatus. The Mosaic Glass Vessels from Hasanlu, Iran: A Study in Large-Scale Stylistic Trait Distribution The Art Bulletin , Vol. First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. A.. "1. 135-38. Balkan, 1954, p. 109). The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. (Kassites). Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 413, n. 22). K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. We care about our planet! Bibliography 257 Environment, Series II, Memoirs IV. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. For a time in the early reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Assyria gained ascendancy, until the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran III intervened. 1 The Assyrian Empire. and ruled the area for 576 years. [17] This practice continued for several centuries after the end of the Kassite Dynasty. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. 7 f.) maintains that (1) the real owner of the country was the king, who granted land, and at least at the beginning of the Kassite period there was no land tenure outside of crown grant; (2) persons holding landed property had to perform certain duties to the king; exemption was possible only by royal decree. "New Light on Dilbat: Kassite Building Activities on the Ura Temple E-Ibbi-Anum at Tell al-Deylam" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. . 225, 1977, pp. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. (2012). A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Unfortunately, many of those tablets have not yet been published, including hundreds held in the Ottoman Museum in Istanbul. 164 f.) and Hatti. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. 17-22. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The only Kassite deities who had temples in Kassite Babylonia were the patron deities of the royal family, uqamuna and umaliya. License. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. "Inscription of Kurigalzu I". Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. 11-15). . J.A. They later regained power yet would be defeated along with many other nations under King Nebuchadnezzar in the seventh century BC. After the destruction of the Mittani by the Hittites in the early 14th century BC Assyria rose in power creating a three way power structure in the region between the Kassites, Hittites, and Assyrians with Elam exerting influence from the east and Egypt from the south. Balkan, 1954, pp. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (5) KASSITE. Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. See also IRAN vii. In letter #108, Rib-Hadda gives praises to Baal and also Samas in the sky. [42][43] Another Kassite king, Hamar-galu, is known from five inscriptions from the Nippur area. They were used to mark official items and ownership. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 14151050 BCE. I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. The panes of glass used to create these images were very brightly colored, and closer analysis has revealed that they were bright green, blue, white, and red-orange. 224 f.). The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. J. of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. Kings with Kassite names appeared on the middle Euphrates during the 17th century BCE. The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, were repulsed by Hammurabis son, but secured holdings within the Tigris-Euphrates valley on the northern frontiers of Babylonia and later established the second Babylonian dynasty. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The documents reveal a centralized administration under the governor of Nippur and its province. Kassites stayed in Babylonia, but their main concentration was the central Zagros northeast of Babylonia, notably in Namri and Bt-Hamban. Idem, Beitrge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit, Baghdader Forschungen 21, Mainz, 2001. Volume 2 Kardunia. There are also a number of building inscriptions, all but one written in Sumerian unlike the Akkadian typically used by the Kassites. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". 1-48. How Long Was Joseph In Potiphars House? To the east of the Hittite Empire, Mesopotamia was not ruled by a single state or empire during most of the Bronze Age. Political Interactions between Kassite Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt and atti during the Amarna Age". The Kassite penetration into Mesopotamia. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. 159-70. However, it should be remembered that there are many fewer texts from other parts of the Kassite state. S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. . and accepts with reservations V. G. Gurzadyans eclipse identifications (1458 and 1451 BCE). 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. 263 f. with lit.). Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. Kassites. In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). And the flood was in 1656 from Adam. They ruled for over 400 years. 8, 1966, pp. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. The fall of the First Sealand dynasty in 1460 BC created a power vacuum which the Kassites filled. Paper, 1956, p. 252). 234-37; idem, 1984, pp. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? In addition, they had neither cultic nor familial ties with the northern Babylonian temple cities (see Richardson, 2002, pp. A. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Hittites, Kassites and Mitanni Children's Middle Eastern History Books, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Balkan, 1954, pp. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. The Early Kassite Period". Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". 492-507, Brinkman, J. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. The Karun river runs a course of over 500 miles. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. Most cultic offices and lower administrative ranks were almost exclusively in the hands of Babylonians (Akkadians). the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . Chen, Fei (2020). 131 f.). "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". It's . The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. 11, No. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. Most of the Kassite kings ruled on an average of 17 to 20 years. Brinkman, J. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. kassites in the bible. 04 Mar 2023. A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). 4, 1965, pp. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. Tukulti-Ninurta I, who pursued an Assyrian expansionist policy, invaded Babylonia and deposed Katilia IV (1227-20 BCE), whom he took as prisoner to Assur. 3, 1972, pp. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. In time, a new dynasty emerged. Corrections? In the image below the reasoning behind the test is show. 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15. The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. SeventeenthDynasty, (15001100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha, Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II, Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini 231-246, Brinkman, J. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. His stele tells of a civil war of sorts and is backed by later Greek sources. J. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. 1-8. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. 111, no. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. Balkan, 1954, pp. His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that.

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