initiative referendum and recall are examples of quizlet

Statement of organization must be filed not later than 15 days after the committee made or received contributions or paid expenses in excess of $500. 168.476). IV, pt. Const. 7-9-404). III, 3 and MGL ch. VI, Subpt. Initiative is a legislative proposal that originates with the people. Other subject restrictions: Measure provisions cannot be dependent upon meeting certain vote %age. 23-17-17). 4, 1, Pt. Reports of contributions and expenditures are due quarterly in calendar years without elections. 116.332). Art. When formed as a ballot question committee, it must file campaign statements and other forms with the Nebraska Accountability and Disclosure Commission, all on a set timeline. Who creates petitions: Secretary of state (N.R.S. Cal.Const. Art. 5, 3). Stat. (RCW 29A.72.230). XLVII, Pt. St. 32-1405.01; 32-1405.02; 32-1413). 7-9-404; 406; 407; 408; 409). Art. 2, 3; M.G.L.A. 2, 10). Number of signatures required: 10% of the total number of votes cast in the last general election; or 25% to suspend operation of the act until the election (Const. Types allowed: Indirect initiative for statutes, direct initiative for constitutional amendments, and popular referendum. Who creates petitions: Proponents (A.C.A. The other 19 states limit the subject matter of laws that the popular referendum can address. Const. Timeline for taking effect: Upon proclamation by the governor which shall be made within ten days after the official canvass of such votes (Const. Art. Must include the language "a committee for/against Proposition __" in any reference to the committee required by law (Govt. Const. ), Payment on a per-signature basis prohibited. Timeline for taking effect: Upon publication of the certificate by the secretary of state of the result of the vote (Const. Note that all but two of these statesMaryland and New Mexicoalso have the initiative process. 2, 9). Art. Where to file with: Lieutenant governor (U.C.A. General review of petition: Secretary of state reviews and processes the petition, along with the attorney general and the Supreme Court (34 Okl.St.Ann. A simplified explanation of the initiative process follows. If amended, expired or rejected, it goes onto the ballot. St. 32-1410), Time period restrictions before placed on the ballot: Four months prior to the general election (Neb. CONST. 3519.22. Ten% of total votes cast in previous general election with geographic requirement, Ten% of votes cast for all candidates for governor in previous election for statutes; 15% for amendments, Eight% of the total number of legal voters for statutes; 10% for amendments, Five% of votes cast for governor in last election for statutes or ; 8% for amendments, Five% of votes cast for secretary of state in last election, Eight% of total votes cast statewide in last presidential election, Six% of qualified electors at the time of the last general election, Eight% of votes cast for governor in last gubernatorial election, Ten% of total votes cast for governor in last gubernatorial election, M.G.L.A. Art. Ballot title and summary: The secretary of state and the attorney general also jointly make a more descriptive ballot question summary to be sent to voters. General review of petition: Within 20 days after initial petition filing, attorney general reviews and recommends revisions in an advisory capacity. Art. Art. Must include official language from attorney general, the measures full text, and the legislative district from which the signatures were collected (I.C. 5, 11; Art. Amend. Art. 1953 20A-7-204). 3, 52(b) and Wyo. For indirect statutory initiatives, 3 % of the votes cast for governor in the last election to submit to the legislator. Const. Geographic distribution: 15% of the total vote cast in the last election in at least of two-thirds of counties (Const. Democracy and republican run against each other voters vote for one demarcate representative and one republican representative. IV, 1). II, 9 and Mich. Comp. Where to file: Secretary of state (MCL 168.471). 3, 4; MCA 13-27-301; 13-27-202). 34, 1, 4 and 8. II, 1(c)). II, 1(b)). Art. Which election: Next statewide or general election, whichever comes first, that is not less than 60 days after the petition is submitted (Const. 6, Gen. For statutory initiatives, 7% of votes cast for governor in last election. And attorney general reviews legality (MCA 13-27-202; 13-27-312; 13-27-402). The legislature may amend before two years with a two-thirds majority vote in both chambers, and no amendatory law adopted in accordance with this provision shall be subject to referendum (RCWA Const. Art. 15, 273), Who can sign the petition: Qualified electors (MS Const. III, 2). Other Subject restrictions: Cannot dedicate revenues, make or repeal appropriations, create courts, define the jurisdiction of courts, prescribe court rules, enact local or special legislation, or enact legislation prohibited by the Wyoming constitution (Const. Art. art. Not more than 24 months for collection with a deadline of four months before the election, and by 5 p.m. on the final day. Who can sign the petition: Qualified registered voter (W.S.1977 22-24-313). Petitions must be submitted within 90 days after the law is filed by the governor in the office of the secretary of state. XI, 3). Which election: Next general election (Const. Cannot have had a penalty for violation of title 16 (election laws) or title 19 (initiative and referendum laws) in the past five years, been convicted of treason or a felony and has not been restored to civil rights, or been convicted of any offense related to fraud, forgery or identity theft. Paid per signature: May be paid but not on number of petitions circulated or signatures obtained. For constitutional amendment direct initiatives, the date is Sept. 1 of the year preceding the election year (N.R.S. No signatures may be obtained prior to 24 months before the general elections that it is to be voted upon, and signatures must be filed one year prior to the election (SDCL 2-1-1.2). Public review or notice: Secretary of state publicizes the measure in newspapers in every county and prepares a pamphlet that is mailed to every mailing address in the state (5 ILCS 20/2). 168.471 and M.C.L.A. Const. Const. 2, 1). Art. 5, 1). Art. 2. stimulate democratic reforms such as the initiative and the referendum. 23-17-29), Missouri (V.A.M.S. Which election is a measure on: Next general election or a special election if ordered by the legislature (RCWA Const. Const. Timeline for collecting signatures: Petitions carried by paid circulators must be filed on a monthly basis (ORS 250.105). II, 1g; Art. Arizona (for constitutional amendments, not statutes) (A.R.S. Art. 3, 51), Timeline for taking effect: When approved by a majority of votes (V.A.M.S. If the legislature does not enact the proposition, then proponents may collect the additional 5% signatures required to get the measure onto the ballot. . Const. Art. Circulator oaths or affidavit required: Yes (AS 15.45.360). Application process information: Application must be filed within 10 business days of the adjournment of the legislature on a form designated by the secretary (21-A MRS 901). Must be 18 or older and a U.S. citizen (M.C.L.A. No. Art. (SDCL 2-1-3). Art. Art. 3, 1). 14, 11). Art. Application process information: Must file petition form draft that must contain an enacting clause and the full text of the measure no later than six months before election (V.A.M.S. A top funders sheet created by sponsors is attached to the petition (Elec. 19-111), Where to file with: Secretary of states office (A.R.S. Code 9001). Cannot be same as a measure at either of the two preceding biennial state elections. An emergency law shall remain in force notwithstanding such petition but shall stand repealed 30 days after having been rejected by a majority of the qualified electors voting thereon (Const. Number of signatures required: 15% of the total ballots cast in the previous general election (Const. III, 5(1) and MCA 13-27-301. These include filing reports and designating organization officers. III, 1). What is on each petition: Petitions substantially follow the form found in U.C.A. Art. For constitutional amendments, 10% of votes cast for governor in last election. Const. 3, 50; V.A.M.S. 116.180; V.A.M.S. Conflicting measures: The measure receiving the greatest number of affirmative votes becomes law (Ark. Must also file with the secretary of state not less than four months before the election at which initiatives are to be voted on. 901 and 1 M.R.S.A. Art. XVI, 2). There are critics that disapprove of . Contributions of $1,000 or more from a single contributor received during the 21 days prior to the election must be reported. Circulator oaths or affidavits: Yes (V.A.M.S. 21 1 and A.R.S. Amend. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Must file a statement of formation as a political action committee within 10 days of formation (Wyo. Const. 3519.01; 3519.02; 3513.10). 7-9-107). Ninety days from the date marking the beginning circulation for collection, as set by the secretary of state after public posting and chance for protest, and a deadline of 90 days from the official set date from the secretary of state. NCSL summarizes the results of the Feb. 21, 2023, special elections in Kentucky, New Hampshire, Virginia and Wisconsin. Conflicting measures: If the governor believes that two approved laws, or parts laws, are entirely in conflict, they proclaim the measure to be law that has received the greatest number of affirmative votes (U.C.A. 22-24-402. 12; 25). 3, 52(f)). Must register prior to signature collection and expenditures (On Our Terms '97 PAC v. Secretary of State of Maine (1999) and 21-A MRSA 903-C). Chief petitioners must file a statement declaring whether circulators will be paid (ORS 250.045). 12, 2). Constitution 48, Init., Pt. Sponsors draft summary and submit to board of state canvassers for approval. 3, 52(b) and Wyo. Rev. 2, 3; Const. Most states only allow an individual to withdraw a signature before the official filing of the petitions. Who creates petitions: Secretary of state creates a sample petition and then the petition is reviewed by the attorney general (V.A.M.S. Ohio ballot board; proponents may suggest title. If petitions are insufficient, sponsors may circulate and file a supplementary petition within 10 days of the date that notice was given if 90 days have not expired after the adjournment of the legislative session at which the act was passed. III, 5 and 6; NDCC 16.1-01-09(7). Arguments for and against are prepared by committees with members appointed first by the secretary of state, the senate's presiding office, and the house's presiding officer. V, 1(3)). 19-124). and more. Collected in-person: Yes (NRS 32-630 and -1404). Art. 19, 1), Proponent organization and requirements: Must file any PACs formed to advance the measure and authorize no more than three people to withdraw or amend the petition (N.R.S. IV, 1). Art. 3, 52(g) and Wyo. Art. 250.125; 250.067; 250.127). Art. II, 1g; O.R.C. And attorney general reviews legality (MCA 13-27-202; 13-27-312; 13-27-402). 7-9-108). CONST. Verification: Random sampling (SDCL 2-1-16). III, 3); next general election after the petition is regularly and legally filed with the secretary of state (NRS 32-1411). 3517.01, .08, .10, .11, 12, .13, .20, .092, .093, .102, .105; O.H.R. But you explicitly may pay based on hourly wage or salary, express or implied minimum signature requirements for the circulator to meet, terminate someone's employment if they do not meet "certain productivity requirements," and pay discretionary bonuses based on reliability, longevity, and productivity (SDCL 12-13-28). 1-40-106; 1-40-107; 1-40-108. Timeline for taking effect: 10 days after the official declaration of the vote (Const. 10% is require to suspend the law prior to the vote. Must also provide a notarized list of names of proponents and a statement of organization. These serve as the ballot title. 19-111; 19-124). This committee is responsible for preparing the arguments for the measure and any rebuttal arguments in the information pamphlet (MCS 13-27-402). Art. Circulator requirements: At least 18 years old and a qualified elector (34 Okl.St.Ann. Law 16-401(a)(1)). 2, 9; Const. 19-101(A), Maryland: Const. Several states have or had statutory bans on paying circulators either per signature or in general. Tit. . Get started for free! III, 52(a)). Timeline for collecting signatures: Time limit for circulation begins with the first signature on a petition and ends 14 days after that. A year after Los Angeles adopted the device, voters in that city recalled a city councilman. 34-1813). Number of signatures required: Three % of the votes cast for governor at the preceding biennial state election to submit to the legislature. Art. If signatures are determined to be insufficient, an additional 10 days is allowed to gather more signatures. II, 1b; Art. Cure period for insufficient signatures: None. Public hearings are held in each congressional district (Neb. 116.160; 116.180; 115.245; 116.210; 116.220). 19, 3; Nev. Rev. II, 9 and MCL 168.471). 116.130). Const. 901 and 1 M.R.S.A. Paid per signature: Previous ban overturned. Campaign statements must be filed by the 11th day before the election, the 30th day after the election, April 25 and July 25 every year and October 25 in odd-numbered years. On the next general election or a special election if ordered by the legislature. No amendatory law adopted in accordance with this provision shall be subject to referendum. 3501.38). Time-period restrictions before placed on the ballot: Filed at least four months before election (Ark. 4, 1, Pt. Const. Paid per signature: Banned (U.C.A. Allowed to pay another for their signature: Prohibited (U.C.A. III, 5). Ballot title and summary: Secretary of state (Const. Const. A criminal records check is conducted (ORS 250.048). For amendments, must be submitted for verification by the third Tuesday in June of the general election year. 48, Init., Pt. 16-906; 16-926; 19-111; 19-124), Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but are not limited to spending reports, establishing a bank account, and quarterly and pre-election campaign finance reports (A.R.S. Art. Fifteen% of total ballots cast in previous general election. Every state requires or offers some type of review in addition to fiscal statements. Art. (Note: This provision was found unconstitutional by a superior court judge, affirmed by the state supreme court in August 2020.) Three or more registrars must certify the petitions and follow other rules as per administrative regulations 950 CMR 55 (M.G.L.A. Cannot stop emergency laws passed by the legislature or appropriations to support state departments or institutions. CONST. Art. Thirteen states require publication in a newspaper: Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma and Utah. Ballot title and summary: Secretary of the commonwealth drafts a fair, concise summary that appears on petitions and on the ballot (Const. Petitions must be submitted by midnight within 90 days of the date the legislation was signed by the governor and filed with the secretary of state. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Political committee must file a statement of organization. Const. Geographic distribution: None (MCL 168.471 requirement that no more than 15% come from a single congressional district was found unconstitutional in AG opinion 7310, May 2019). Which election: Statewide or a special election called by the governor (Const. A legislature committee also reviews the measure by a deadline (N.R.S. Prov., Pt. General review of petition: None other found. Next general election at least 31 days after the measure qualifies or at a special statewide election held prior to that general election; the governor may call a special statewide election for the measure. Art. Art. 23-17-43). 23-17-17; 23-17-19, Montana: MCA 13-27-201; 13-27-202; 13-27-204; 13-27-207, Nebraska: Neb.Rev.St. Public review or notice: Able to attend meeting on petition application review, title board meetings, ballot information booklet prepared by legislative council (C.R.S.A. Ballot title and summary: The official title of the bill that is subject to the referendum appears on the ballot. Const. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but may not be limited to the provisions of the Nebraska Political Accountability and Disclosure Act. Art. Once the lieutenant governor receives the verified packets from the clerks, they count the number of names and declare the proposition sufficient or not (U.C.A. It is based on the principle that officeholders are agents of the popular will and should, therefore, be constantly subject to its control. Circulator requirements: Must be age 18 or older, registered with secretary of state and signed affidavit (A.R.S. Code 84200.8). Ethics Commission rules 2.79, 2.80, 2.103, 2.109, 2.122. Alaska: 1959Arizona: 1912Arkansas: 1920California: 1911Colorado: 1910Idaho: Constitutional provision adopted1912, laws specifying mechanics adopted 1933Maine: 1908Maryland: 1915Massachusetts: 1917Michigan: 1908Missouri: 1908Montana: 1906Nebraska: 1912Nevada: 1904New Mexico: 1911North Dakota: 1914Ohio: 1912Oklahoma: 1907Oregon: 1902South Dakota: 1898Utah: 1900Washington 1912Wyoming: 1968, Four states have no restrictions on what sorts of laws can be subjected to the popular referendum: Arkansas, Idaho, Maine and North Dakota. Art. Indirect initiatives can require two rounds of signature gathering, so timelines and deadlines for these are more complex. 250.025), Collected in-person: Yes (O.R.S. Const. 901), Massachusetts (M.G.L.A. Legislature or other government official review: The secretary of state consults with the legislative counsel for any technical suggestions, which will be posted to the secretary's website (N.R.S. If there are insufficient state funds and the measure does not provide a source, it is effective 45 days after next regular legislative session. The petition and affidavit are prescribed by the state board of elections and follow administrative rules (SDCL 2-1-1.1; 2-1-1.2; South Dakota Administrative Rules 5:02:08:07). Vote requirement for passage: Majority (Const. Art. What is on each petition: Must follow prescribed form and include the full text of the measure, a legal warning, an affidavit, the maximum number of signatures, paper and font, spacing, and if the circulator is paid (Neb.Rev.St. 2, 9; Const. Petition title and summary creation: Sponsors draft title (Const. Four states require a filing fee in statute. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Boston Tea Party, Whisky Rebellion, and California's Proposition 13 were all popular rebellions that were related to _____., Eliminating tax increases may result in _____., Democracy in the United States derives its powers from _____. Vote requirement for passage: Majority (Const. Next general election held at least 131 days after signatures are certified. Art. 15, 273). Every state includes requirements for the circulators operating in the state. 113 (Nov. 2020) as a reference. 3519.05; 3501.38). 4, 5). 32-1401; 32-1405; 32-628; 32-1403). Let's break down each to understand . 3; Const. 116.100). 48), South Dakota (Const. CONST. Submission deadline for signatures: Not more than 90 days after the end of the session at which the act was passed (Const. Application must include act to be referred; statement of approval or rejection; printed name, signature, address and numerical identifier of not less than 100 qualified voters who will serve as sponsors; the designation of a referendum committee consisting of three sponsors who will represent all sponsors and subscribers in matters relating to the referendum. The chief petitioners may withdraw at any time before submitting the total number of signatures for verification. All three have in common the fact that, at some point or other, the people vote on them; and in most cases, the vote of the people is final. Repeal or change restrictions: No veto by governor. Federal courts have invalidated payment-per-signature bans in Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Mississippi, Ohio and Washington. And, in some states, the review is purely technical; the proposal is reviewed to ensure it meets the legal requirements for format and style and adheres to drafting conventions. 168.471; 168.472). Withdrawal of petition: Chief petitioners may withdraw at any time before submitting the signatures for verification. 5, 1; C.R.S.A. Circulator requirements: U.S. citizens, 18 years of age or older and a resident of the state as determined by AS 15.05.020 (AS 15.45.335). Subject restrictions: Cannot be used on laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety, and appropriations for the support and maintenance of the departments of state and state institutions (Const. Which election: The secretary of the commonwealth shall submit such law to the people at the next state election (Const. Cure period for insufficient signatures: If the petitions were filed at least 165 days before the election and the submission deadline has not passed, and the signatures are deemed insufficient, petitioners may submit more signatures (OR Rev. Must obtain a petition entity license before circulating petitions or paying circulators. Art. 48, Init., Pt. Pamphlet contains one-sentence statements describing the effect of a "yes" or "no" vote prepared jointly by the attorney general and the state secretary (M.G.L.A. Timeline for taking effect: Goes into effect once the supreme court finishes canvassing the votes (N.R.S. This is because legislators are more likely to introduce certain reforms and measures if the initiative mechanism exists, because it is likely that if they do not, an initiative on the issue will be launched. Mary is concerned with the education that her child is getting and wants the school day extended in her district. 8). Evaluations done by lieutenant governor and Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel (U.C.A. Vote requirement for passage: Majority, provided that the votes cast on the measure shall equal at least one-third of the total votes cast at the election (Const. Art. 19, 1). 12, 2; M.C.L.A. III, 8). Some have been found to be unconstitutional, largely on one person, one vote grounds. 22-24-414). 1953 20A-1-201; 20A-1-203; 20A-6-106; 20A-7-206. Petition title and summary creation: Secretary of state, official committee that filed and approved by attorney general (O.R.C. 218D.810; 293.267). Amend. Upon each of the ballots, following the ballot title or text, the words For the referred law and Against the referred law, must appear. XI, 6 and AS 15.45.440). III, 2). Collected in-person: Each person must sign "in his own proper handwriting" (NMSA 1-17-1). Recall, the device by which voters may remove public officials from office, also originates with the people. 4, Pt. Petition must be filed with county officials not later than 15 days following the primary election. Art. Names and addresses of sponsors must be listed, and they must sign to verify that they are registered voters (Wyo. The reform movements of the Progressive Era generally focused on . Not more than half of signers may be residents of Baltimore City or of one county. All 23 popular referendum states require a simple majority to pass a popular referendum. 168.472a). 116.332). New Mexico: at least 40% (Const. XLVII, Pt. 1(3)). Const. Majority to pass: Initiative amendments proposed by the people and their legislative substitutes must receive at least 30 % of the total number of ballots cast in the election and a majority of the voters voting on the measure (Massachusetts Constitution 48, Init., Pt. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but are not limited to considered same as political action committee, quarterly reports, deadlines for filing reports on specific dollar amounts of contributions, information on donors, full disclosure of campaign staffers, no limit on amount of money a contributor may give to political action committee (see 21-A M.R.S.A. What is on each petition: Names of 10 original signers in the application and deadline for submission of signatures and follow guidelines of Administrative Rules 950 CMR 48.00 (M.G.L.A. V, 3 and 34 OS 1, 4 and 8). Withdrawal process of individual signature: Yes, before May 15, signer submits request to county clerk (U.C.A. Conflicting measures: Measure with the most affirmative votes prevails (OH Const. Circulator oaths or affidavits: Yes (34 Okl.St.Ann. Art. 48, Init., Pt. Collected in-person: Yes (O.R.C. 1953, Const. 1(9) and A.R.S. seq). III, 52(a) and Mo.Rev.Stat. For direct initiatives, 8% of the number of active voters in the state on Jan. 1 immediately following the last regular general election. Conflicting measures: Measure receiving most affirmative votes prevails, even if it did not receive the greatest majority of affirmative votes (V.A.M.S. 48, Pt. 4, 2; Constitution 48, Init., Pt. What is a RECALL? 16-119; None other found in 26 Okl.St.Ann). 34-1821), Number of signatures required: Six % of the qualified electors at the time of the last general election (I.C. 19, 2; N.R.S. Majority to pass: Yes (M.C.L.A. 5, 1). 34, 1, Const. Code 9006). 19-121.01); California (Elections Code 9030); and Colorado (C.R.S. Initiative, referendum, and recall are three powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office. II, 1g; O.R.C. Legislature may repeal statute with majority vote (Const. Proponent and approved by the attorney general, is the title for both the petition and ballot. IV, 1). Where to file: State Board of Election Commissioners (Const. Only one state does not require this type of action: Before a measure is placed on a ballot, states decide which election it will appear on, how the ballot title and summary are created and any time restrictions involved. Which election is a measure on: At general elections, except when a special election is ordered by the legislature (V.A.M.S. In some states, the legislature or governor may order a special election for a measure. 3519.05; 3501.38; OH Const. 3, 18, 20. This same process also applies to individual petition districts (NRS 293.1277). Application process information: State Board of Elections is empowered to adopt regulations specifying procedures for filing and circulating petitions (Elec. Petition title and summary creation: Secretary of state (Wyo. 2, 3). The legislature may submit a competing measure to the ballot (M.G.L.A. Repeal or change restrictions: None (Const. *While the Colorado residency requirement for circulators was struck down in Independence Institute v. Gessler, the court upheld the requirement that a circulator present to the notary a specific type of identification. 53 7). Code Ann. 24). Reports of State Question Communications are required if aggregate expenses for a communication made at least 15 days before the election equal to exceed $5,000. Full and correct copy of title and text must be printed on petitions (NRS 32-1403). Art. Proponents must file reports of payments made to signature gatherers. Recall. But if insufficient funds for the measure, it is effective 45 days after the next convening regular legislative session. Const. The states vary in the number and the baseline used to determine the number of signatures required. Art. Art. Art. 14, 3, 10 ILCS 5/28-2, Massachusetts: M.G.L.A. Art. Timeline for taking effect: Takes effect on the 5th day after the secretary of state files the statement of the vote (Const. Code 23-17-60). Who can sign the petition: Electors (Const. 4, Pt. XLVII, Pt. . 2, 3; M.G.L.A. Art. The popular referendum is a measure that appears on the ballot as a result of a voter petition drive and is similar to the initiative in that both are triggered by petitions, but there are important differences. Allowed to pay another for their signature: Prohibited (ORS 260.558). In 2002, NCSL published Initiative and Referendum in the 21st Century, an in-depth study on initiatives and referenda that includes recommendations for policymakers. 3519.01). 7-9-107). In some states, the legislature or governor may order a special election for a measure. Application process information: Application is filed on a form provided by the secretary of state and must contain the sponsor's name, or if an organization, the names and titles of its officers; address; intent to circulate and file a petition; a description of not more than 200 words of the principal provisions of the measure and the full text, in no less than 8-point font; and application for an official serial number. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Registration is required prior to making an expenditure for or against a ballot measure; group name must include the title or common name of the measure if the group intends to make more than 50% of its contributions or expenditures toward a single measure (AS 15.13.050). Verification: Sampling method that must include at least 10 % of signatures or more than 5,010 signatures, whichever is greater. The initiative and referendum process enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. 2). Stat. Which election is a measure on: A referred measure may be voted upon at a statewide election or at a special election called by the governor (NDCC Const. Amend. States with geographic requirements using entities that are unequal in population, such as counties or even state legislative districts, are more likely to have the requirement challenged in court (for example, see Montana).

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