how important was lend lease to the soviet union

Particularly important for the Soviets in late 1941 were British-supplied tanks and aircraft. I recently heard someone claim that the Soviet Union would have been unable to survive Operation Barbarossa and subsequent German offensives without the vast amount of supplies they received from the Allies under the Lend-Lease program. Britain also supplied extensive material assistance to American forces stationed in Europe, for example the USAAF was supplied with hundreds of Spitfire Mk V and Mk VIII fighter aircraft. In addition, there would have been constant shortages of transportation and fuel. Known today as Lend-Lease. Member since Oct 2007. Posted on 2/25/23 at 2:25 pm to WPBTiger. [1] There was no repayment required. Yauza. He never made a special point of holding a conversation on the subject, but when we were engaged in some kind of relaxed conversation, going over international questions of the past and present, and when we would return to the subject of the path we had traveled during the war, that is what he said. From there, it flew 5,650 kilometers to the Siberian city of Krasnoyarsk, one of some 14,000 aircraft sent by the United States to the Soviet Union during World War II under the massive Lend-Lease program. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Of these, 99 Hurricanes and 39 Tomahawks were in service with the Soviet air defense forces on January 1, 1942, out of a total of 1,470 fighters. Britain wished to retain some of this equipment in the immediate post-war period. The United States and the British Commonwealth provided 55 percent of all the aluminum the Soviet Union used during the war and more than 80 percent of the copper. Under these circumstances even small quantities of aid took on far greater significance. Under Lend-Lease, the United States provided more than one-third of all the explosives used by the Soviet Union during the war. Some of these shipments were intercepted by the Germans. In December 1940, President Roosevelt proclaimed the United States would be the "Arsenal of Democracy" and proposed selling munitions to Britain and Canada. Thanks to Lend-Lease, during the war years, the Soviet Union received about 14.8 thousand aircraft, 7.1 thousand tanks, 8.2 thousand anti-aircraft guns, a large number of cars, tractors and other vital supplies. The Soviet debt for Lend-Lease supplies was finally paid and closed as part of the settlements with the Paris Club on August 21, 2006. [55] This constituted some 23% of the total aid to the USSR during the war. 4, 48/Maslov MA Bomber PE-8. Democrats. ", United States Army Center of Military History, "Britain pays off final instalment of US loan after 61 years", "Salvor's report citing recovery of further 29 bars", "Treasure hunters 'find $3billion in platinum on sunken WW2 British ship', Official New Zealand war history of Lend-lease, from, Official New Zealand war history; termination of Mutual Aid from 21 December 1945, from. But in order to sustain the war effort all the way back to Germany, Lend-Lease was decisive. Just 446 locomotives were produced during the war,[39] with only 92 of those being built between 1942 and 1945. Lend-Lease Helped Win World War II, But Not On The Eastern Front The evidence is here. The railroads would have periodically come to a halt. Lend-Lease: Western Aid for the Soviet UnionPart of Eastern Front Fortnight (4) on WW2TVWith Denis HavlatDuring WWII the Soviet Union received large amounts . In the case of the Soviet Union, this residual civilian-type lend-lease was valued by the United States at $2.6 billion (out of total lend-lease to the Soviet Union of $10.8 billion). Deane, John R. 1947. [6], In 1939 howeveras Germany, Japan, and Italy pursued aggressive, militaristic policiesPresident Roosevelt wanted more flexibility to help contain Axis aggression. But Was He Drugged Into Confessing. Before becoming secretary of commerce in the Truman administration, he had served in two crucial posts during World War II, as Lend-Lease representative in Britain and then as U.S. ambassador to Moscow. 150 in July 1942, for example, was the critical factor in enabling the factory to reach projected capacity within two months. ): Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg. The Lend-Lease act was enacted in March 1941 and authorized the United States to provide weapons, provisions, and raw materials to strategically important countries fighting Germany and Japan primarily, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. As the war continued, however, the United States and Great Britain provided many of the implements of war and strategic raw materials necessary for Soviet victory. According to Biriukovs service diary, the first 20 British tanks arrived at the Soviet tank training school in Kazan on October 28, 1941, at which point a further 120 tanks were unloaded at the port of Archangel in northern Russia. THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF LEND-LEASE By EUGENE STALEY . In practice, most equipment was destroyed, although some hardware (such as ships) was returned after the war. Each method was difficult. More than 20,000 Katyusha mobile multiple-rocket launchers were mounted on the chassis of American Studebaker trucks. The 19th and Early 20th Century History. Officially the "Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry". [6], After the Fall of France during June 1940, the British Commonwealth and Empire were the only forces engaged in war against Germany and Italy, until the Italian invasion of Greece. Championed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Lend-Lease Act authorized the transfer . (German Language). A map of lend-lease shipments from the United States to the U.S.S.R. from 1941-45. For the Australian company, see. The British Military Mission to Moscow noted that by December 9, about ninety British tanks had already been in action with Soviet forces. In 1939, after Germany invaded Poland, Roosevelt bypassed these restrictions by persuading Congress to permit the government to sell military supplies to France and Britain on a cash-and-carry basisin other words, they could pay cash for American-made supplies and then transport them on their own ships. Payment was to be stretched out over 50 annual payments, starting in 1951 and with five years of deferred payments, at 2% interest. The program sent nearly 2,000 locomotives and innumerable boxcars to the Soviet Union. That the Soviet victories of late 1941 were won with Soviet blood and largely with Soviet weapons is beyond dispute. The tanks reached the front lines with extraordinary speed. Soviet authorities recognized that the Great Patriotic War gave the Communist Party a claim to legitimacy that went far beyond Marxism-Leninism or the 1917 Revolution, and took pains to portray their nations victories in World War II as single-handed. As such, Ladd Field came to represent not only a political and economic exchange, but a cultural one as well. An estimated 25 million Soviet citizens perished in the titanic conflict with Nazi Germany between June 1941 and May 1945. How much Soviet equipment was Lend-Lease? By July 1942 the Red Army had 13,500 tanks in service, with more than 16 percent of those imported, and more than half of those British. The plan proposed by FDR was to "lend-lease or otherwise dispose of arms" and other supplies needed by any country whose security was vital to the defense of the United States. It has been estimated that American deliveries to the USSR through the Persian Corridor alone were sufficient, by US Army standards, to maintain sixty combat divisions in the line. In all, the United States shipped $50 billion ($608 billion in 2020 money) worth of materiel under the program, including $11.3 billion to the Soviet Union. [61][62], Restrictions in the supply of weapons from the United States were mainly limited to heavy bombers. Under Lend-Lease, the United States provided more than one-third of all the explosives used by the Soviet Union during the war. The United States did not provide them to the USSR when requested. The Americans provided vital explosives and gunpowder. Alerts and Messages for U.S. visitors to Russia. American and Soviet pilots pose in front of a Bell P-39 Airacobra, supplied to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program. . [34], Lend-Lease contributed to the Allied victory. It provided Britain and the Soviet Union with limited war materiel beginning in October that year. Tomahawks also served in defense of the Doroga Zhizni or Road of Life across the ice of Lake Ladoga, which provided the only supply line to the besieged city of Leningrad during the winter of 194142. It was quite important, and it became especially important during the second half of WWII when the Red Army went from defending to attacking. Exmo. The records constitute the primary policy and subject files on World War II Lend-Lease to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). [75] Reciprocal contributions included the Austin K2/Y military ambulance, British aviation spark plugs used in B-17 Flying Fortresses,[75] Canadian-made Fairmile launches used in anti-submarine warfare, Mosquito photo-reconnaissance aircraft, and Indian petroleum products. [16] Propaganda showing the devastation of British cities during The Blitz, as well as popular depictions of Germans as savage also rallied public opinion to the Allies, especially after Germany conquered France. In addition, almost half of all the rails used by the Soviet Union during the war came through Lend-Lease. He suggested amending the act to allow warring nations to purchase military goods, arms and munitions if they paid cash and bore the risks of transporting the goods on non-American ships, a policy that would favor Britain and France. In fact the British intercepted German communications indicating that German forces had first come in contact with British tanks on the Eastern front on November 26, 1941. "Western Aid for the Soviet Union During World. How Much of What Goods Have We Sent to Which Allies? About half of these were delivered by sea via the North Atlantic or were flown across the South Atlantic Ocean to the USSR via North Africa. It allowed the USSR to conquer and subjugate eastern Europe and Manchuria and allowed them to prop up communist dictatorships in Eastern Europe, China and North Korea. While in April 1944 Congress were briefed by the Foreign Economic Administrator, Leo T Crowley; Just as the RAF's operations against Germany and the invasion coasts would not have been possible on their present scale without lend-lease so the United States Eighth and Ninth air forces daylight missions from Britain would not have been possible without reverse lend-lease. Churchill called the letter "one of the most important I ever wrote.". One of the greatest differences with prior wars was the enormous increase in the mobility of armies. Congress did not allow the aid to be free, so the U.S. discounted it's Lend-Lease supplies by 90 percent of costs. Negotiations dragged on intermittently for 25 years. That is the U.S. would be "repaid" when the recipient fought the common enemy and joined the world trade and diplomatic agencies, such as the United Nations.[51]. The British shared technology included the cavity magnetron (key technology at the time for highly effective radar; the American historian James Phinney Baxter III later called "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores"),[13][14] the design for the VT fuze, details of Frank Whittle's jet engine and the FrischPeierls memorandum describing the feasibility of an atomic bomb. [33], The program was gradually terminated after V-E Day. Photo: Museum of the U.S. Air Force (Courtesy Photo). On March 11, 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. [3] In terms of administration, the president established the Office of Lend-Lease Administration during 1941, headed by steel executive Edward R. How important was Lend-Lease for the Soviet war effort? The Soviet air force received 18,200 aircraft, which amounted to about 30 percent of Soviet wartime fighter and bomber production (mid 194145). In the meantime, Great Britain was running out of liquid currency and asked not to be forced to sell off British assets. But the Germans were doggedly held off in front of Moscow in late November and early December, and then rolled back by a reinvigorated Red Army in a staggeringly brutal winter counteroffensive. "Transatlantic Generosity: Canada's 'Billion Dollar Gift' to the United Kingdom in the Second World War.". The Lend-Lease program also provided more than 35,000 radio sets and 32,000 motorcycles. [75][77], Though diminutive in comparison, Soviet Union supplied the United States with goods that the latter badly needed, including 300,000 tons of chrome ore, 32,000 tons of manganese ore, and large supplies of platinum, gold and wood. In 194546, the value of Reciprocal Aid from New Zealand exceeded that of Lend-Lease, though in 194243, the value of Lend-Lease to New Zealand was much more than that of Reciprocal Aid.

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