who founded the ming dynasty

In the aftermath of the war, under L Dun's administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the U.S. or the Saigon government, confounding Western fears. It was founded by the legendary Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that ravaged farmers crops for generations. These settlers named their settlements as "Minh Huong", to recall their allegiance to the Ming dynasty. The Trn dynasty also adopted a unique way to train new emperors: when a crown prince reached the age of 18, his predecessor would abdicate and turn the throne over to him, yet holding the title of Retired Emperor (Thi Thng Hong), acting as a mentor to the new Emperor. In 1925, French agents captured him in Shanghai and spirited him to Vietnam. The new emperor introduced strict penal codes to prevent chaos from happening again. These activities produced a cohesive village life with a religion in which one of the core values was the desire to live in harmony with nature and with other people. Donglin movement: The Donglin Academy is founded: 1605: June: A thunderbolt knocks down the flagpole at the Altar of Heaven, which is very inauspicious, causing some officials to resign: Twitchett, Denis (1998b), The Cambridge History of China Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty, 13681644, Part 2, Cambridge University Press; [12][13][14], Situated on the southeast edge of monsoon Asia, much of ancient Vietnam enjoyed a combination of high rainfall, humidity, heat, favorable winds, and fertile soil. He then burned himself and his family. As a result of an internal strife among the Khitans, they failed to accept Yel Liuge's rule and revolted against the Mongol Empire. Li Zicheng sent two armies to attack the pass but Wu's battle-hardened troops defeated them easily on 5 May and 10 May. Some, like the painter Bada Shanren, a descendant of the Ming ruling family, became recluses. Some of them set up Vietnamese independence societies in Japan, which many viewed as a model society (i.e. [17], Some officers were recruited through the military version of the imperial examinations, which emphasized horse archery, but not enough to impose a quality standard. The Ming Navy was divided into the Imperial fleet stationed in Nanjing, two coastal defence squadrons, the high-seas fleet used by Zheng He, and the grain transportation fleet. These acts were soon being used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam. It was founded in 1368 during the Red Turban Rebellion by the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang.The military was initially organised along largely hereditary lines and soldiers were meant to serve in self-sufficient agricultural communities. It was therefore described by Lo and Elleman as the world's "foremost" navy of that era. In 1976, the government of united Vietnam renamed Saigon as H Ch Minh City in honor of H, who died in 1969. The transition from Ming to Qing, alternatively known as MingQing transition or the Manchu conquest of China, from 1618 to 1683, saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history.It was a decades-long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty, the incumbent Ming dynasty, and several smaller factions (like the Shun dynasty and Xi dynasty). [97] However, by this time, Vietnamese nationalism had reached a point where attempts to sinicize them could only strengthen further resistance. It experienced a resurgence during the Yuan dynasty but fell out of favor again in the Ming. One of the new ships delivered after the war with Japan, the cruiser Hai Chi, in 1911 became the first vessel flying the Yellow Dragon Flag to arrive in American waters, visiting New York City as part of a tour.[15][16][17][18]. The invaders seized many farmlands and gave them to Frenchmen and collaborators, who were usually Catholics. Scripts of the plays which travelling troupes performed were another popular source of reading. [29] His unifying efforts gave the Jurchen the strength to assert themselves backed by an army consisting of majority Han Chinese defectors as well as Ming produced firearms. i Vit repelled all attacks of the Yuan Mongols during the reign of Kublai Khan. Ibn Battuta during his visit to Champa in 1340, described a princess who met him, spoke in Turkish, was literate in Arabic, and wrote out the bismillah in the presence of the visitor. [33] Zhao Tuo later appointed himself a commandant of central Guangdong, closing the borders and conquering neighboring districts and titled himself "King of Nanyue". Robinson, David. The process of unification of the Jurchen people completed by Nurhaci was followed by his son's, Hong Taiji, energetic expansion into Outer Manchuria. The military of the Ming dynasty was the military apparatus of China from 1368 to 1644. [20], The guard battalion system went into decline from 1450 to 1550 and the military capacity of hereditary soldiers declined substantially due to corruption and mismanagement. Wang believed that all people, even commoners, could develop their own innate knowledge of what is right through contemplation (as opposed to merely studying Confucian texts) and this would lead to the performing of actions which are right. Thus great wing ships correspond to the army's heavy chariots, little wing ships to light chariots, stomach strikers to battering rams, castle ships to mobile assault towers, and bridge ships to light cavalry. This arrangement is not adopted for large vessels because higher speed and mobility are preferable, in order to be able to swoop suddenly on the unprepared enemy. The people who created the Xiongnu Empire were nomads living in the eastern Eurasian Steppe. [273], In late January 1659, a Qing army led by Manchu Prince Doni (16361661), Dodo's son, took the capital of Yunnan, sending the Yongli Emperor fleeing into nearby Burma, which was then ruled by King Pindale Min of the Toungoo dynasty. The Qing sent most of the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives. In 1558, Nguyn Kim's son, Nguyn Hong, suspecting that Trnh Kim might kill him as he had done to his brother to secure power, asked to be governor of the far south provinces around present-day Qung Bnh to Bnh nh. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. This conflict culminated in the Qing victory the Battle of Penghu in 1683 and the surrender of the Tungning shortly after the battle. Huang Degong rejected their demand to turn over the Hongguang Emperor but Zhang Tianlu then shot an arrow into Huang's throat and killed him. These clashes - at Lake Khasan in 1938 and at Khalkhin Gol one year later - resulted in many Japanese casualties. Reformers looked only to the past for inspiration. [83] The warlord Shen Zhixiang, who had unlawfully taken over command of his deceased uncle Shen Shikui's troops as his private army, was unable to attain recognition from the Ming court. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. [citation needed]. Dai Viet. After this, Vietnam later became part of the Maritime Jade Road, which existed for 3,000 years between 2000 BC to 1000 AD. Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschtze des 15. The Qing agreed to an alliance with the Dutch East India Company against the remaining Ming loyalists in Fujian and Taiwan. [255], This resurgence of loyalist hopes was short-lived. Not to be confused with the ethnic group in Thailand, Early history in China and migration to Southeast Asia, First Ming communication with Yunnan (1369), Initial Ming attempts to win Yunnan over (13691380), Southwestern Tai groups and names in China, The Dianyue are alternatively proposed to have spoken a, According to Ostapirat (2005:119), glosses are given according to Tai-Kadai. They also discovered a nearly-complete 30-gun man-of-war in Xiamen, along with new paddle-boats and brass guns under construction in Wusong and Shanghai. Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie, p. 175, Kindle location 3237; country sellers pp. The first clash occurred when the Chinese were removed from Askold Island, in the Gulf of Peter the Great. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 06 February 2019. The way of life, centered in harmony, featured many enjoyable aspects that the people held beloved. The Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931, setting up the puppet state of Manchukuo which became a centerpiece of the fast-growing Empire of Japan. Li Zicheng lamented the death of the Chongzhen Emperor after discovering he committed suicide, saying that he had come to share power and rule together with him. [148] The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and clearances, forcing people to evacuate the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources: this led to a myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". The Hui Muslim community was divided in its support for the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. [c] However, for Han Chinese officials and literati, the new hairstyle was "a humiliating act of degradation" (because it breached a common Confucian directive to preserve one's body intact), whereas for common folk cutting their hair "was tantamount to the loss of their manhood. [292] His originally stated intentions for conquering Taiwan from the Dutch also included the desire to protect Chinese settlers in Taiwan from maltreatment by the Dutch. [344] In multiple counties only three out of ten survived when Henan was hit by the 1641 disease plague epidemic. [345][346], Over 1000 li of land were baked blood red in Shaanxi due to drought in 1627 and crimson skies appeared over the same province in 1628. [269] Within a month, most of the commanders who had been supporting the Qing in Guangxi reverted to the Ming side. [20] However, the Russians finally managed it from them in 1892[21]. The remaining Ming forces under Yang Zhan, now promoted to Marquis and Ming commander of Sichuan, moved south towards Guizhou and unsuccessfully attempted to contact the Southern Ming court for supplies, wandering in desperate search for supplies to Jiading. The Qing equated the lands of the Qing state (including present day Manchuria, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas) as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, rejecting the idea that China only meant Han Chinese areas, proclaiming that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of "China", using "China" to refer to the Qing in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs, and the "Chinese language" (Dulimbai gurun i bithe) referred to Han Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term "Chinese people" ( Zhongguo ren; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) referred to all Han Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol subjects of the Qing. Less tangible than wealth, Zheng certainly brought back plenty of knowledge of foreign lands and customs, and he did ship back such exotica as giraffes, gems, and spices. The Yuan-Trn war reached its climax when the retreating Yuan fleet was decimated at the Battle of Bch ng (1288). Mu joined with the few remaining Ming officials and Sun Kewang to restore order. Joseon was also forced to transfer suzerainty of the Warka tribe to Jin. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. The world's earliest known firearm is the Heilongjiang hand cannon, dated 1288, which was found in Mongol-held Manchuria.[11]. [68] Successive L emperors continued to accomplish far-reaching feats: building a dike system to protect rice farms; founding the Quc T Gim[69] the first noble university; and establishing court examination system to select capable commoners for government positions once every three years; organizing a new system of taxation;[70] establishing humane treatment of prisoners. [349], In 1643-1644 Tianjin and Beijing were struck with two massive plague epidemics that helped destroy the Ming dynasty, which were recorded by Luo Yangxing, the governor general.[350][351]. [145] It was these troops who provided day-to-day military governance in China,[146] and supplied the forces used in the front-line fighting. The Chinese cruiser Laiyuan, of the Imperial Chinese Navy. [29][30][31], By the 3rd century BC, another Viet group, the u Vit, emigrated from present-day southern China to the Hng River delta and mixed with the indigenous Vn Lang population. [305] Zheng Chenggong's grandson Zheng Keshuang surrendered Taiwan to the Kangxi Emperor after the Battle of Penghu. [30], Since most did not want to serve in the army, family members who chose to be soldiers might get some sort of compensation from other male family members. When the other tribes attacked him to check his power in 1591, he succeeded in defeating them and seized many of their warhorses. The last Qing emperor, Puyi, was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet government in the Wei Huang Gong, better known as "Puppet Emperor's Palace". [citation needed]. Taiwans relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so its a mystery that its not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Zhu, who was of humble origins, later assumed the reign title of Hongwu. an Asian nation that had modernized, but retained its own culture and institutions). The first was for the family to be descended from a fellow campaigner who took part in the wars of the Ming founder. They were grouped into guards (wei) and battalions (suo), otherwise known as the wei-suo system. [1] The Ming dynasty of China was the leading global maritime power between 1400 and 1433, when Chinese shipbuilders built massive ocean-going junks and the Chinese imperial court launched seven maritime voyages. Japan replaced Russian influence in the southern half of Inner Manchuria as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 19041905. Rather, Vietnamese leaders were clearly more concerned with quelling chronic domestic instability and managing relations with kingdoms to their south and west."[117]. The Chinese cruiser Jingyuan (), of the Imperial Chinese Navy. The first written mention of a school in China appears in the oracle bones of the Shang dynasty (about 1800-1050 B.C.E. Moreover, they love their own hideouts and do not easily rebel. Northern Vietnam opted for a centralized bureaucratic regime while the south was based on a patron-client mechanism heavily relied on personalized rule. Its founder, the Hongwu Emperor, emphasized that "not even a plank is to be allowed into the sea. Needless to say, the forbidden aspect derives from the controlled access to it, with only officials of certain ranks and invited ambassadors being permitted within its walls. The Ming loyalist-held city of Puzhou was subject to a massacre. Within French Indochina, Cochinchina had the status of a colony, Annam was nominally a protectorate where the Nguyn dynasty still ruled, and Tonkin had a French governor with local governments run by Vietnamese officials. [293] The Ming dynasty princes who accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan were the Prince Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan, son of Zhu Yihai. Sided with foreigner. [260], In March 1648, a bandit chief, Yang Sihai, and a woman by the surname of Zhang claimed to be the Crown Prince of the Tianqi Emperor and his consort, respectively. Through the late 1920s, he acted as a Comintern agent to help build Communist movements in Southeast Asia. [10] Additionally, shipwrecks have been excavated in the South China Sea, including wrecks of Chinese trade and war ships that sank around 1377 and 1645.[11]. Women were holding important roles in L society as the court ladies were in charge of tax collection. Upon the advice of an Erdeni, most likely a Chinese transfrontiersman, he proclaimed the Jin State, named after the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty that had ruled over northern China several centuries earlier. The first written mention of a school in China appears in the oracle bones of the Shang dynasty (about 1800-1050 B.C.E. The Qing dynasty (English: / t / CHING), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. Li Dingguo, wrongly informed that the emperor had escaped, attempted to march for Vietnam and contacted Siam for an alliance, before finally dying of disease in August 1662. East of the lake, loyalist gentry in Songjiang District under Chen Zilong and the remaining Ming navy at Chongming Island under Wu Zhikui coordinated to rise up and cut off the Qing forces in Zhejiang. There was even a rumor saying that Quang Trung had also planned to conquer China, although it was unclear. [71] Other Aisin-Gioro women married the sons of the Han Chinese generals Geng Jimao, Shang Kexi, and Wu Sangui. [31], Covered swoopers (Meng chong, ); these are ships which have their backs roofed over and (armored with) a covering of rhinoceros hide. However, the victory was far from complete as it required almost 40 more years before all of China was securely united under Qing rule. Zheng did return to China with shiploads of valuable goods, although these did not generally meet the value of those goods shipped out in the first place (for example, silk, tea, and porcelain) and which were intended to woo foreign rulers into sending ambassadors to the imperial court in Beijing, principally to legitimise Yongle's rule and perpetuate the idea that the Chinese emperor was the greatest ruler on earth. These help the (sea hawk) ships, so that even when wind and wave arise in fury, they are neither (driven) sideways, nor overturn. Zhu also replaced the Red Turban's traditional policy aim of reinstating the old Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) with his own personal ambitions to rule and gained wider support by ditching the anti-Confucian policies which had alienated the educated classes. They were unable to resist Li Zicheng and many tusi chiefs were massacred. [128][129][130][131] However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500. Although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China, this "Liaodong Wall" was of a simpler design. The addition of housemen in the army challenged core ideals within the army as housemen emphasized the concept of self-interest as opposed to the previous concept of loyalty to the empire. This later aided the prince in his usurpation of the throne. [32], Combat junks (Zhan xian); combat junks have ramparts and half-ramparts above the side of the hull, with the oar-ports below. [332] The Qing carried out massacres in cities which resisted like Yangzhou and Guangzhou but did not carry out violence in cities which surrendered and capitulated to Qing rule like Beijing and Nanjing. Zheng would sail along established routes to the coast of India, the Persian Gulf, and the east coast of Africa, but many of his final destinations were new points of contact for the Chinese. Although widely blamed for causing national disunity and losing the country later to the Ming Empire, H Qu Ly's reign actually introduced a lot of progressive, ambitious reforms, including the addition of mathematics to the national examinations, the open critique of Confucian philosophy, the use of paper currency in place of coins, investment in building large warships and cannons, and land reform. [161] They were the Liutao, Su Shu (), and Sanle followed by the military text Wuzi and The Art of War. [12][13][14] It was this multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only a minority, which unified China for the Qing. The locations of Jurchen tribes in 1600s. After one last offensive in 1672, Trnh Tc agreed to a truce with the Nguyn Lord Nguyn Phc Tn. From 858 to 864, disturbances in Annan gave Nanzhao opportunity to intervene the region, provoked local tribes to revolt against the Chinese. [37] The Ming general Li Yongfang who surrendered the city of Fushun in what is now Liaoning province in China's northeast did so after Nurhaci gave him an Aisin Gioro princess in marriage and a noble title. [48] Indravarman II built a new capital city in Indrapura (modern-day Qung Nam) and a large Buddhist temple in Dong Duong. The PLAN was initially dedicated to coastal defense, defending against commando raids on the Fujian coast from Taiwan. The Hongwu Emperor (aka Ming Taizu) would reign until 1398 CE, and his successors continued his efforts to unify China through a strong centralised government and so consolidate the Ming dynasty's grip on power. He formed autonomous Han Chinese military colonies governed by Han Chinese officials, where Manchus were forbidden to trespass. [262] In the chaos, many bandit groups expanded their raids. Zongdu Junwu, or Supreme Commanders, were appointed throughout the empire to oversee the fiscal and military affairs in the area of their jurisdiction. The Navy of the Qing dynasty was first exposed to Western influence. After he was attacked and defeated by Li Zhanchun and Yu Dahai in 1647 in a land-riverine battle at Zhangzhou, he started building a riverine force of his own. He made further incursions westwards into the Irrawaddy River region in modern-day Burma before withdrawing. [57] In 923, the nearby Southern Han invaded Jinghai but was repelled by Vietnamese leader Dng nh Ngh. For example, medieval Chinese hulls were split into bulkhead sections so that a hull rupture only flooded a fraction of the ship and did not necessarily sink it (see Ship floodability). Trn Th viciously purged members of the L nobility; some L princes escaped to Korea, including L Long Tng. In 979, Emperor inh Tin Hong and his crown prince inh Lin were assassinated by Thch, a government official, leaving his lone surviving son, the 6-year-old inh Ton, to assume the throne. Massive deflation blew up as silver bullion remained in Fujian and stopped grain and payments for famine relief from reaching famine victims. The Navy of the Qing dynasty was first exposed to Western influence. The Burmese broke after a rear attack from Bai. [338] According to economic historian Robert Allen, family income in the Yangtze delta, China's richest province, was actually below Ming levels in 1820 (but equal to that of contemporary Britain). However, records showed that espionage resulted in the downfall of An Dng Vng. The history of Buddhism spans from the 5th century BCE to the present.Buddhism arose in Ancient India, in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha, and is based on the teachings of the ascetic Siddhrtha Gautama.The religion evolved as it spread from the northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent throughout Central, East, and Southeast Asia.At one time or another, it The Xia dynasty was the first Chinese dynasty. Such was the city's need for food, the Grand Canal was deepened and widened so that grain ships could easily reach the capital. In practice it was under Japan domination, which exerted influence through local warlords. Historians estimated that up to one million people were killed in this self-proclaimed emperor's reign of terror.[115]. [296] Zheng Jing's navy executed 34 Dutch sailors and drowned 8 Dutch sailors after looting, ambushing and sinking the Dutch fluyt ship Cuylenburg in 1672 on northeastern Taiwan. Zhu would take the reign name Hongwu (meaning 'abundantly marital') and the dynasty he founded Ming (meaning 'bright' or 'light'). [78], Partial plate armour in the form of a cuirass sewn together with fabric is mentioned in the Wubei Yaolue, 1638. These included crossbeams bracing the ribs of ships to strengthen them, rudders that could be raised or lowered to allow ships to travel in a wider range of water depths, and the teeth of anchors arranged circularly instead of in one direction, "making them more reliable". [4][14] Although the modern battleships Zhenyuan and Dingyuan were impervious to Japanese fire, they were unable to sink a single ship and all eight cruisers were lost. [1][2] A cavalry-based army modeled on the Yuan military was favoured by the Hongwu and Yongle Emperors. [299], Fan Chengmo, son of Fan Wencheng, remained loyal to the Qing despite imprisonment and eventually death, and as one of leading military families of Liaodong, his example inspired other Liaodong generals to remain loyal. Zhang Mingzhen, with all his family, fled to join Zheng Chenggong in Xiamen. [86], After having been restored from Khmer domination in 1220, Champa continued to face another counter-power from the north. He was in a way being "elected" by the court after some debate before a consensus was reached. These young activists were as eager as their grandparents to see independence restored, but they realized that returning to the feudal order was not feasible and that modern technology and governmental systems were needed. Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. In the 1860s, an attempt to establish a modern navy via the British-built Osborn or "Vampire" Fleet to combat the Taiping rebels' US-built gunboats. Qing forces mainly left the province due to starvation and the remainder garrisoned at Baoning in the north under Li Guoying, who moved to crush banditry, called for supplies to be shipped in and recultivated the land to relieve the famine-like conditions. Plague, locusts and famine spread all over. Frenchman on destruction. [158], On the orders of Nurhaci[26] in 1629,[159] a number of Chinese works considered to be of critical importance were translated into Manchu by Dahai. Later the party changed its name to the Indochinese Communist Party as the Comintern, under Stalin, did not favor nationalistic sentiments. Vietnam's ethnic mosaic is contributed by the peopling process in which the various people came and settled on territory, that constitutes the modern state of Vietnam in many stages, often separated by thousands of years, totally lasted for tens of thousand years. Watchtower at the Great Wall of ChinaEmily Mark (CC BY-NC-SA). [citation needed] The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties but failed to secure a peace deal with France. . [60], Ming loyalist Ma Shiying had brought to Nanjing troops from the western provinces made out of non-Han indigenous fierce tribal warriors who were called "Sichuan" soldiers to defend the city against the Qing. The Ming dynasty (23 January 1368 25 April 1644), officially the Great Ming, founded by the peasant rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang, known as the Hongwu Emperor, was an imperial dynasty of China.It was the successor to the Yuan dynasty and the predecessor of the short-lived Shun dynasty, which was in turn succeeded by the Qing dynasty.At its height, the Ming dynasty had Qi Jiguang's 'new mandarin duck formation.'. Defected Ming general Gao Di led elite multi-ethnic Banner forces to crush the insurrection by 18 November. Transferable officials do not maintain strict discipline and are incapable of restraining the Yao and Zhuang. In the 1620s CE a drop in average temperatures seriously affected crops, on top of which there was a wave of floods, then droughts, and widespread famine as a consequence. This stagnant absolutism ensured a stable, well-ordered society, but also resistance to social, cultural, or technological innovations. It also played a role in the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crises.[4]. Heavy casualties were inflicted on the Qing. [306] Having lost this battle, Zheng Keshuang surrendered and was rewarded by the Kangxi Emperor with the title "Duke of Haicheng" (). I have nothing else to report to Your Highness." [223] Ming Prince of Rui'an and Prince of Ruichang mobilised rebels in the Huai'an-Yangzhou area and around Nanjing for an assault on Nanjing in September 1646, but the Qing collaborators discovered the plan and defeated it. Known in Chinese as Zijincheng ('Purple Forbidden City') and begun by the Yongle emperor from 1407 CE, the complex was built as the imperial residence. [79], Although armour never lost all meaning during the Ming dynasty, it became less and less important as the power of firearms became apparent. During the Boxer Rebellion in 18991900, Russian soldiers killed ten thousand Chinese (Manchu, Han and Daur peoples) living in Blagoveshchensk and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River. In 866, Chinese jiedushi Gao Pian recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao army. [188] Shi Kefa's small force refused to surrender, but could not resist Dodo's artillery: on 20 May Qing cannon wielded by the Han Chinese Bannermen (Ujen Coohai) breached the city wall and Dodo ordered the "brutal slaughter"[189] of Yangzhou's entire population[189] to terrorize other Jiangnan cities into surrendering to the Qing. [64] This event is regarded as the beginning of another golden era in Vietnamese history, with the following dynasties inheriting the L dynasty's prosperity and doing much to maintain and expand it. After the fall of the Longwu regime, He Tengjiao swore allegiance to the Yongli Emperor, continuing resistance in Hunan and Guizhou provinces, and was finally killed at Xiangtan in 1649. Thus a civil war began between the Northern Court (Mc) and the Southern Court (Restored L). In 1375, Naghachu, a Mongol commander of the Northern Yuan dynasty in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with aims of restoring the Mongols to power. Trng ordered Nguyn Phc Nguyn to submit to his authority. Donglin movement: The Donglin Academy is founded: 1605: June: A thunderbolt knocks down the flagpole at the Altar of Heaven, which is very inauspicious, causing some officials to resign: Twitchett, Denis (1998b), The Cambridge History of China Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty, 13681644, Part 2, Cambridge University Press; Books Hong Taiji responded by arresting and imprisoning Amin, who later died in prison.

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