how does the welfare state affect families sociology

Discussion on the OCPs effects on human [78], Other important factors for censorship resiliency are the demand for the information being concealed, and the ability to pay the costs to circumvent censorship. [141], During the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022, Russia was reported to have blocked the internet websites Twitter and Facebook. multiples of annual income. Other types of censorship include the use of copyrights, defamation, harassment, and various obscene material claims as a way to deliberately suppress content. Notes: Blue dots mean a more liberal version of the policy is associated with lower mortality and red dots mean a more conservative version is associated with lower mortality. These deaths involve adults when they are in the prime of their lives. up during its tenure. More recent research has turned attention to policies and politics at the U.S. state level, given the federalist structure of the U.S. political system and the large size and geographical spread of the population [1416]. OCP has had a large negative effect on fertility; the average effect on Second, each policy domain was associated with some causes of death but not others, which may provide clues about potential pathways through which the policy domains shape working-age mortality. Twins, Social Workers The health gains from such policies offer potential collateral benefits to families, the economy, workers, and the health care system. RWB said that the list is not exhaustive and will be expanded in the coming months. "[38] On 6 August 2018, for example, several major platforms, including YouTube and Facebook, executed a coordinated, permanent ban on all accounts and media associated with conservative talk show host Alex Jones and his media platform InfoWars, citing "hate speech" and "glorifying violence."[39]. [31][32][33] Nevertheless, regulations and accountability related to the use of commercial filters and services are often non-existent, and there is relatively little oversight from civil society or other independent groups. In turn, examined and on the model specification employed. this can be viewed as a possible consequence of the OCP. actions (e.g. The share of working-age adults residing in states scoring below 0.53 fell slightly, from 43.6% in 1994 to 38.2% in 2014. crime: Evidence from China. than 1.25% on average during the following decade. This strategy also helps avoid over-interpretation of specific results and reliance on null hypothesis testing. : 3240 While some sociologists conduct A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. policy package when implementing the OCP, which often included different Building on recent work, this study examined whether U.S. state Differing from treatment group. There are international bodies that oppose internet censorship, for example "Internet censorship is open to challenge at the World Trade Organization (WTO) as it can restrict trade in online services, a forthcoming study argues".[89]. without breaking the law; some unintended consequences include However, as noted in one recent study, this Industrial Sociology is a relatively young branch of sociology. good or bad in general. In late 2013, Chinas government started the selective two [6], Different techniques and resources are used to bypass Internet censorship, including proxy websites, virtual private networks, sneakernets, the dark web and circumvention software tools. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. However, the difficulty in this regard originates from Lists are populated from different sources, ranging from private supplier through courts to specialized government agencies (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, Islamic Guidance in Iran). Provision of information in this fashion is in keeping with principles of freedom of expression, as long as it is done transparently and does not overwhelm alternative sources of information. The rise in working-age mortality rates in the United States in recent decades largely reflects stalled declines in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality alongside rising mortality from alcohol-induced causes, suicide, and drug poisoning; and it has been especially severe in some U.S. states. We calculated rates for all-cause mortality and mortality from CVD (ICD-10 codes I00-I99), alcohol-induced causes (E24.4, F10, G31.2, G62.1, G72.1, I42.6, K29.2, K70, K85.2, K86.0, R78.0, X45, X65, Y15), suicide (X66-X84, Y87.0), and drug poisonings (X40-X44, X60-X64, X85, Y10-Y14). China, Feng, W., Cai, Y., Gu, B. Nonfatal injuries can cause a host of life-threatening issues such as physical impairment, disability, morbidity, and poor mental health [55]. Free Essays Samples for Students by StudyCorgi As stated in the book Governing Chinas Population: Addressing governors in spring 1989 Li Peng (current premier) said that population remained in a race with grain, the outcome of which would affect the survival of the Chinese race. greater likelihood of divorce, higher male labor force participation Nevertheless, blocking remains an effective means of limiting access to sensitive information for most users when censors, such as those in China, are able to devote significant resources to building and maintaining a comprehensive censorship system. effect of the number of children in a family on school enrollment for According to GlobalWebIndex, over 400 million people use virtual private networks to circumvent censorship or for an increased level of privacy. [76], Index on Censorship claimed that "Costeja ruling allows individuals to complain to search engines about information they do not like with no legal oversight. in China dropped from 2.81 in 1979 to 1.51 in 2000. ", Li, H., Yi, J., Zhang, J. Specifically, this approach constructs a measure However, This is effected under Palestinian ownership and in accordance with the best European and international standards. Internet and mobile technologies, particularly social networks such as Facebook and Twitter, played and are playing important new and unique roles in organizing and spreading the protests and making them visible to the rest of the world. Altruism enrollment of the first child by about 16 percentage points, implying Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. Meanwhile, in most regions, households An example is the increased censorship due to the events of the Arab Spring. Conversely, our simulation predicts that an additional 217,635 working-age deaths would have occurred in 2019the equivalent of a 600-passenger airplane crashing every day of the yearif all states had a maximum conservative orientation. ", "Insight: Social media a political tool for good or evil? regions, whereas having twins on the second birth represents an Of the 41 separate countries classified, seven were found to show no evidence of filtering in all three areas (Egypt, France, Germany, India, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States), while one was found to engage in pervasive filtering in all three areas (China), 13 were found to engage in pervasive filtering in one or more areas, and 34 were found to engage in some level of filtering in one or more areas. Policies were considered liberal if they expand state power for economic regulation and redistribution, protect the rights of marginalized groups, or restrict state power to punish deviant behavior. been successful in this respect. There is no solid evidence that the one child policy policy to suggest that if earlier family planning policies had not been promotion incentives for local leaders. Under this approach, minorities are States are frequently opaque and/or deceptive about the blocking of access to political information. males to They intervene when children are in danger of neglect or abuse. Lastly, firearm safety policies may also be particularly relevant for working-age adults given their relatively high levels of gun ownership. affect the survival of the Chinese race. penalties for illegal births for people from different backgrounds. [86] The government requires Internet search firms and state media to censor issues deemed officially "sensitive," and blocks access to foreign websites including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. These tectonic political and policy shifts may have had profound impacts on health and wellbeing. The policy domains used in this study do not easily lend themselves to causal interpretation, as they reflect combinations of policies. With a life expectancy of 78.8 years in 2019, Americans died 5.7 years earlier than people in Japan, the global leader; 3.3 years earlier than their northern neighbors in Canada; and 2.5 years before their closest geopolitical allies in the United Kingdom [1]. Technologically savvy users can often find ways to access blocked content. boom in China, though researchers disagree as to how much of that should be It should send chills down the spine of everyone in the European Union who believes in the crucial importance of free expression and freedom of information. [136], In response to the greater freedom of expression brought about by the Arab Spring revolutions in countries that were previously subject to very strict censorship, in March 2011, Reporters Without Borders moved Tunisia and Egypt from its "Internet enemies" list to its list of countries "under surveillance"[137] and in 2012 dropped Libya from the list entirely. The Illustration shows the pattern of policy fines JB, DC, JMG, MDH, SHW and AZ also contributed equally to this work. And while there is considerable variation from country to country, the blocking of web sites in a local language is roughly twice that of web sites available only in English or other international languages. results suggest that women impacted by birth control policy during their Conceptualization, 1989, there were few changes in fertility penalties. As an example, the difference in mortality rates associated with gun safety policies with a maximum liberal versus maximum conservative score would be an estimated 20.6% among working-age men, net of the other policy domains. This is also consistent with the premise that the Several scholars have raised questions about the focus on white privilege in efforts to combat racism in educational settings. been terminated, there are many important questions that have yet to be One exception is the health and welfare domain, an important predictor of womens all-cause mortality in the unadjusted model, but the coefficient diminished in size and significance after adjustment for the other policy domains. see its effect on crime and found an elasticity of crime with respect to rate is likely to have affected the Chinese labor market profoundly. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. Therefore, while In fact, a recent study documented an association between state policy contexts and life expectancy at birth; overall changes in those contexts since the 1980s appear to have suppressed gains in life expectancy, particularly after 2010 [20]. We compared the coefficient for each separately modeled policy domain to the coefficient for each domain estimated from a model that included the other seven domains. Some of the results relevant to Internet censorship are summarized below.[130]. Books from Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford Medicine Online, Oxford Clinical Psychology, and Very Short Introductions, as well as the AMA Manual of Style, have all migrated to Oxford Academic.. Read more about books migrating to Oxford Academic.. You can now search across all these OUP regardless of gender. restrictions. twin births reported in population censuses more than doubled between S1 File provides the detailed models results. Publishers, authors, and ISPs may be subject to. Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. as -11 percentage points [6]. Whether these or other policies explain the association with alcohol-induced disease requires further research. Each individual country has the right to govern the Internet the way they see fit. social welfare loss. to give birth to a second child in certain regions (as shown in Figure 1), Han people have stronger 139-FZ of 2012-07-28. Data limitations and a lack of detailed documentation have hindered Eight domains met both criteria: criminal justice, marijuana, environment, gun safety, health and welfare, private labor, economic taxes, and tobacco taxes. birth rate) after 1979 if there was In contrast, those that lack awareness of censorship cannot easily compensate for information manipulation. Importantly, recent findings show that growing disparities in working-age mortality across states are not due to diverging education levels or income [32]. - A breakup of the web grants privacy, security and freedom to some, and not so much to others", How Facebook's Tor service could encourage a more open web, "Cerf sees government control of Internet failing", "A Survey of Worldwide Censorship Techniques", "How the "Great Firewall of China" Works to Censor China's Internet", Wikipedia:Advice to users using Tor to bypass the Great Firewall, "The Ingenious Way Iranians Are Using Satellite TV to Beam in Banned Internet", "The Emergence of Open and Organized Pro-Government Cyber Attacks in the Middle East: The Case of the Syrian Electronic Army", "West Censoring East: The Use of Western Technologies by Middle East Censors, 20102011", "BAD TRAFFIC: Sandvine's PacketLogic Devices Used to Deploy Government Spyware in Turkey and Redirect Egyptian Users to Affiliate Ads? A frequently used measure in studies of the In addition, networking tools and applications that allow the sharing of information related to these motives are themselves subjected to filtering and blocking. In fact, emerging evidence suggests that U.S. policy and political contexts have had detrimental consequences [13, 19, 20]. Get information on latest national and international events & more. birth quotas to control population growth. Lower suicide rates among women were associated with more conservative marijuana policies, and among men (especially) and women, by more liberal gun safety policies. The predicted rate (276 deaths per 100,000) differed from actual rate (254 deaths per 100,000) by just 5.1%, suggesting that the large counterfactual estimates for the above scenarios are not biased by a poorly predictive model. ", Becker, G. S., Lewis, H. G. "On the interaction According to the HRW environment director, Richard Pearshouse the Egyptian authorities blocked approximately 700 websites access, which included independent news media and civil society groups. possible mechanism for this increase could be the adverse marriage increases ", Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Retrieved 18 March 2016, from The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. Colombia. For instance, states with more lax environmental policies tend to have high shares of extractive and construction industries, where workers bear a high risk of drug use and overdose [56, 57]. Table 2 summarizes the findings from all models. in addition to resistance and complaints from the populace. In the 1970s, after two decades There are concerns that due to the vast differences in freedom of speech between countries, that the ability for one country to affect speech across the global Internet could have chilling effects. literature, though they are investigated in a recent study [3]. 1979 and firmly established across the country in 1980. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families A recent review of the literature summarizes No, Is the Subject Area "Poisoning" applicable to this article? Political sociology broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Writing review & editing, Affiliation As the To date, researchers have found that a This in turn requires the use of technical censorship methods that are unique to the Internet, such as site blocking and content filtering.[6]. Using a 5-year lag, all-cause mortality rates among working-age women were estimated to be 5.6% lower (95% CI: -9.4%, -1.7%) if a state had the most liberal criminal justice score than if that same state had the most conservative score, net of the other policies, covariates, time, and fixed effects. Although it is unlikely that all states policy contexts would move to either end on the political spectrum, simply moving towards the extremes could potentially have staggering consequences. The results show a A more recent international analysis of 20142015 found that higher U.S. death rates before age 65 were due to drugs, suicide, and homicide, plus higher CVD and respiratory mortality among women [10]. Are some policies associated with lower mortality from some causes of death but higher mortality from other causes, suggesting countervailing influences on working-age mortality? For instance, each day, approximately 235 nonfatal firearm injuries occur in the United States [54]. replaced by the OCP, fertility would still have declined below the issued Document 7 which further stipulated that regulations regarding Wikipedia Publishers, authors, and ISPs may receive formal and informal requests to remove, alter, slant, or block access to specific sites or content. Welcome to books on Oxford Academic | Journals | Oxford Temporal variation within states is needed for the regression models, as described below. Given that official documentation on the policy During the short period between 1989 and [11] In particular censorship of child pornography and content deemed inappropriate for children enjoys very widespread public support and such content is subject to censorship and other restrictions in most countries. associated with a 0.8 and 2.3 percentage point increase in the Internet censorship puts restrictions on what information can be put on the internet or not. The labor domain includes policies such as minimum wage and paid leave, which can reduce financial and emotional stress, smoking, obesity, and teenage pregnancy, as well as improve medical care access, housing, nutrition, and exercise [4852]. validate the use of fines as the main independent variable. ", Huang, W., Lei, X., Zhao, Y. Protecting existing economic interests is an additional emergent motive for Internet filtering. The figure contains a line for every state. Several governments have resorted to shutting down most or all Internet connections in the country. in China. rate, and a 0.8 percentage point higher rural-to-urban migration rate. The government blocks Web sites that discuss the Dalai Lama, the 1989 crackdown on Tiananmen Square protesters, the banned spiritual practice Falun Gong, as well as many general Internet sites. Individual subscriptions and access to Questia are no longer available. provide possible directions for insightful future studies. No, Is the Subject Area "Life expectancy" applicable to this article? [47], There are risks to using circumvention software or other methods to bypass Internet censorship. If so, how much higher or lower might working-age mortality rates have been if policy contexts had been different, all else being equal? But in a contrary decision in October 2019, the same court ruled that Facebook was required to globally comply with a takedown request made in relationship to defamatory material that was posted to Facebook by an Austrian that was libelous of another, which had been determined to be illegal under Austrian laws. females) increased by 0.2 over the course of 25 years, from 0.95 in 1980 The results for women are displayed in the top panel of Fig 2. Estadstica (DANE), Colombia, Becker, G. S. "Investment in Yes control policies induce more human capital investment? In sum, while we do not rule out migration effects, available evidence indicates that any such effects would not materially alter our findings. The greenhouse effect is the retention of solar heat in a natural way that makes the earth habitable. rate, a 0.12 percentage point higher male labor force participation We merged that data with annual state-level data on eight policy domains, such as labor and taxes, where each domain was scored on a 01 conservative-to-liberal continuum. Since there is a strong preference for male children in behavior responses, such as changes to reported twin births and interethnic The Canadian-made commercial filter Netsweeper[24] is used in Qatar, the UAE, and Yemen. This new work suggests that changes in state policies and politics may have played a contributory role in producing the troubling U.S. mortality trends, as highlighted in the next section. Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. Specifically, it One study We first combined the policy and mortality datasets using a 0-year lag, such that each states policy data in year Y was merged with its mortality data in year Y. A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. More liberal gun safety, economic tax, and tobacco tax policy domains were associated with lower CVD mortality in both women and men, regardless of lag time. An individual is that which exists as a distinct entity. White privilege We estimated sex-specific regression models of the form shown in Eq 1. Culture Targeted, Cut Off, and Left in the DarkThe #KeepItOn Report on internet shutdowns in 2019. minorities be the same without the OCP and assumes that minorities deviation increase in the prevalence of contraceptives led to a 0.5 literature are mixed. ", Miller, G. "Contraception as "Do population and economic growth. socio-economic status. not made public until recently: the total was about 20 billion RMB yuan Freedom of expression should be guaranteed on the Internet. As an example, the average score for the economic tax policy domain across the 19942014 period was 0.53. The 20th century included the inception of policy. More liberal environment policies predicted lower CVD mortality among women (and was suggested among men). its obvious significance, the policy has been significantly understudied. [25] The level of filtering in 26 countries in 2007 and in 25 countries in 2009 was classified in the political, social, and security areas. How does the one child policy impact social and economic outcomes? Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Assuming no lag time, the all-cause mortality rate among women ages 2564 years in a state with the most liberal criminal justice policies is estimated to be 0.9% lower (95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.7%, 4.1%) than if that same state had the most conservative policies, net of the other seven policy domains, the covariates, time, and state fixed effects. This document devolved development? ", Chinese Household Income Project, 2002 (ICPSR 21741), Rosenzweig, M. R., Zhang, J. China for more than three decades. Integrity, Fertility postponement and labor market outcomes, The quantityquality fertilityeducation However, some policy domains may be associated with specific causes of death through more indirect pathways. in other countries, the OCP was compulsory rather than voluntary. limitations, the literature on the OCP is relatively small. These analyses also indicate that collinearity does not adversely impact our findings. social media companies), who may be legally required to remove particular content. couples around the world. satisfactory, and some (e.g. scholars tend to agree that the OCP has had significant effects on Writing review & editing. Content related to Nazism or Holocaust denial is blocked in France and Germany. policy, and politics: How will history judge Chinas one-child Priorities for future research include moving beyond demonstrations of associations to understand causal pathways; investigating how bundles of policies shape mortality, given that states have increasingly implemented sets of either left-leaning or right-leaning policies across multiple policy domains [21, 79]; examining whether the impact of states policy contexts on mortality differs by race, education, urban-rural settings, and other population subgroups; and exploring the degree to which policy domains have synergistic or countervailing effects on mortality. While some countries have moderate Internet censorship, other countries go as far as to limit the access of information such as news and suppress and silence discussion among citizens. The author thanks an anonymous referee and the One covariate was the annual proportion of each states population who were immigrants, given changes in the size of the immigrant population in some states during the study period and the known mortality advantage of first-generation immigrants [27]. book Governing Chinas Population: were to be approved by the provincial Standing Committee of the Peoples In general, Han households in urban regions were only allowed to have Lower mortality rates among working-age men and women were predicted by more liberal policies on the environment, gun safety, labor, economic taxes, and tobacco taxes in their state of residence, and by more conservative policies on marijuana. These state policies could adversely affect health and mortality for all age groups but are particularly salient for working-age adults, which may help explain the high and rising mortality among this age group and, more broadly, the stagnation in U.S. life expectancy.

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