gender gap index 2021

For a sample of 8,921 private firms from 19 (mostly developing) countries, we find no evidence suggesting that female entrepreneurs were disadvantaged, attributed to their gender, in terms of accessing finance during the pandemic. We find no evidence of gender bias in equity financing. See also Cowlingetal. the percentage of the gender gap that has been closed). This year, the Global Gender Gap index benchmarks . Comparing prescriptive and descriptive gender stereotypes about children, adults, and the elderly. Our paper is motivated by the fact that a significant portion of smaller businesses globally are female-owned/led (Bruhnetal., 2017), the importance of these firms in driving female participation in the economy, and female entrepreneurs being particularly hit hard by the pandemic (Liuetal., 2021), putting much of the progress made towards women's empowerment at risk. Currently, you are using a shared account. According to the "Global Gender Gap Report 2021" published by the World Economic Forum (WEF), Pakistan ranked 153rd out of 156 countries on the gender parity index. On one hand, the proportion of women among skilled professionals continues to increase, as does progress towards wage equality, albeit at a slower pace. You may switch to Article in classic view. Section3 discusses the empirical findings, whilst Section4 provides a number of robustness checks. In 81 countries, there has never been a woman head of state, as of 15th January 2021. The first instrumental variable Temp_Closed takes the value of 1 if the firm reports a temporary shutdown of business during the pandemic, and 0 otherwise. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. Greece has the highest proportion of female-owned firms (51%) whilst Mongolia has the highest proportion of female-led firms (51%). statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Published by Statista Research Department , Aug 19, 2022 The global gender gap index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education, and health-based criteria. We provide evidence of a slight gender bias in debt financing, with creditors favouring female entrepreneurs when dealing with cash flow problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. The index score ranges from 0 to 1 (zero gender gap). Enterprise surveys. The 14th edition of the report, the Global Gender Gap Report 2020, was launched in December 2019, using the latest available data at the time. Additionally, the data available for the 2021 edition of the report does not yet fully reflect the impact of the pandemic. 1These include school closures, workplace closures, cancellation of public events, restrictions on gathering, closure of public transport, public information campaign about COVID, stay home requirements, restrictions on internal movement, international travel controls, testing policy, and contract tracing. Heckprobit results for access to finance in female-led firms. In, World Economic Forum. Notes: ATT is the average treatment effect on the treated. Corporate solution including all features. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set You need a Statista Account for unlimited access. Figures have been rounded. The report said India's gender gap on this dimension widened by 3% this year, leading to a 32.65 % gap closed to date. Takes the value of 1 if the firm has at least one female owner amongst the owners of the firm, 0 otherwise. THE Global Gender Gap Report 2021 brings no glad tidings for Pakistan. In 2021, global gender gap index for Sweden was 0.82 index. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. For example, unobservable factors of borrower's credit situation encourage lenders to use gender as a proxy for ability to pay (Andrsde etal., 2020). Western Europe remains the region that has progressed the most towards gender parity (77.6%) and is further progressing this year. In: Making Equality Count: Irish and International Research Measuring Equality and Discrimination. Column I and II show that female entrepreneurs accessed debt financing (from banks and MFIs) on average by up to 2 percentage points more during the pandemic than their male counterparts, controlling for a larger number of other firm-specific variables. (SBAHQ-11-M-0203), 41. In 2022, the. ", World Economic Forum, Gender gap index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1253939/gender-gap-index-in-egypt/ (last visited November 10, 2022), Gender gap index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Average monthly salary in the media industry in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Employment in the media industry in Sweden 2008-2020, by gender, Monthly salary of managers in the media industry in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Number of managers working in the media industry in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Daily media usage in Sweden 2021, by gender, Average time spent per day with media in Sweden 2021, by gender, Monthly salary of journalists in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Female journalists' salary as a percentage of males salary in Sweden 2014-2021, Salary of movie and theater directors and producers in Sweden 2014-2021, by gender, Gender pay gap among film & stage directors & producers in Sweden 2014-2021, Distribution of leading roles in movies in Sweden 2021, by gender & production origin, Share of women making documentaries in Sweden 2015-2019, by job type, Share of funded short movies with a woman in a key position in Sweden 2021, Share of funded feature-length movies with a woman in a key position in Sweden 2021, Monthly salary of musicians in Sweden 2014-2020, by gender, Female musicians' salary as a percentage of male musicians salary in Sweden 2014-2019, Monthly salary of game and media designers in Sweden 2015-2021, by gender, Female game developers' salary as a percentage of men's salary in Sweden 2014-2021, Female game designer salary as a percentage of men's salary in Sweden 2015-2020, Number of game and digital media designers in Sweden 2017-2020, by gender, Distribution of employees of Bonnier 2020, by gender, Number of employees at Aller Holding 2014-2021, by gender, Number of employees of Nordic Entertainment Group 2018-2021, by gender, Employees of Modern Times Group 2021, by country and gender, Starbreeze women female workforce 2016-2021, Average daily TV viewing time in Sweden 2009-2021, by gender, Watching online video per day in Sweden 2011-2021, by gender, Individuals downloading/streaming music per day in Sweden 2009-2021 by gender, Weekly book readers in Sweden 2008-2021, by gender, Daily newspaper subscribers in Sweden 2009-2021, by gender, Frequency of playing online games in Sweden 2019, by gender, Costa Rica: gender gap index 2022, by area, Guatemala: gender gap index 2022, by area, Venezuela: gender gap index 2021, by area, Argentina: gender gap index 2022, by area, Dominican Republic: gender gap index 2022, by area, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Find a brief overview of all Outlooks here, Tools and Tutorials explained in our Media Centre. Step-by-step guide to Gender Equality Training Preparation phase 1. Statista. Propensity score matching (PSM) results for gender differences in access to finance. "Gender gap index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021." The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality. Firm level covariates are included in all models. In the most recent Global Gender Gap Report announced by the World Economic Forum on March 31, 2021, Japan ranked 120th out of 156 countries. The Global Gender Gap Index (World Economic Forum), capturing the magnitude of gender-based disparities. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. North America is the second-most advanced (76.4%), also improving this year, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (72.1%) and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (71.2%). Notes: Variable definitions are provided in AppendixA. Mean/Median differences are between female and male-owned/led firms. (2020), but contrary to existing prejudicial belief, that in the context of high economic uncertainty, prototypical forms of femininity become advantageous as creditor providers seek to hedge their risks by favouring more conservative lenders. The 15th edition, the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, comes out a little over one year after COVID-19 was officially declared a pandemic. Gender inequality is a stubbornly entrenched problem for Japan. Political Analysis, 18(2), 138-150. Crespi-Cladera R., Martn-Oliver A. The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks 153 countries on their progress towards gender parity in four dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and; Political Empowerment. In particular, we find slight female favouritism, with female entrepreneurs up to 2 percentage points more likely to access debt financing than their male entrepreneurs during the pandemic based on their gender alone. Register in seconds and access exclusive features. Corporate solution including all features. Comparing this year's results against last year's by examining the 145 countries covered in both the 2021 and 2022 editions shows that the overall gender parity score rose from 67.9% to 68.1%. In 81 countries, there has never been a woman head of state, as of January 15, 2021. The report stated that India, home to 65 crore women, has widened its gender gap and has closed 62.5% of its gender gap to date down from 66.8% one year ago. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information Gender-positive recovery policies and practices can tackle those potential challenges. Competition, small business financing, and discrimination: evidence from a new survey. Combined these results suggest that gender patterns in access to bank finance move with the cycles of the economy. Figures have been rounded. The methodology of the index has remained stable since its original conception in 2006, providing a basis for robust cross-country and time-series analysis. Dalam survei tahun 2018 yang mencakup 12 versi bahasa Wikipedia dan beberapa proyek Yayasan Wikimedia lainnya, 90% kontributor mengidentifikasi gender mereka sebagai pria, 8,8% sebagai wanita, dan 1% sebagai lain-lain. The country ranked 7th among eight countries - Pakistan presently ranks among the worst countries in gender parity . The heckprobit results are robust to this alternative specification. Section2 presents the data and empirical method. Preliminary evidence suggests that the health emergency and the related economic downturn have impacted women more severely than men, partially re-opening gaps that had already been closed. Our exploration of the relationship between gender and access to finance during the COVID-19 pandemic proceeds using business level data drawn from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) and World Bank COVID-19 follow up surveys from the same organisation (WorldBank,2020). The indicator shows that women experience a bigger gender gap in potential-based job transitions in fields where they are currently under-represented, such as Cloud Computing, where the job-switching gap is 58%; Engineering, where the gap is 42%; and Product Development, where the gap is 19%. Notes: Reported are the heckprobit results and marginal effects estimated around mean points. Integrate initiatives to broader strategy 3. This year, the Global Gender Gap index benchmarks 156 countries, providing a tool for cross-country comparison and to prioritize the most effective policies needed to close gender gaps. Gender gap index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021 [Graph]. Brown R., Rocha A., Cowling M. Financing entrepreneurship in times of crisis: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the market for entrepreneurial finance in the United Kingdom. Collective risk management in a flight to quality episode. Please do not hesitate to contact me. The follow-up surveys re-interview respondents of recently completed WBES to collect information about closures, changes in sales, employment and finance, government support, policy responses and expectations as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Global Gender Gap score (based on the population-weighted average for each of the 156 economies included this year) in 2021 is 67.7% (when considering only the 107 economies covered continuously from 2006 to 2021 it is 68.0%). The figures have been rounded and taken from several publications. Ahmed Imran Hunjra: Data curation, Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing original draft. Shaw, E., Carter, S.L., Brierton, J., 2001. Qi S., Ongena S. Fuel the engine: bank credit and firm innovation. We find no evidence of gender differences in access to equity financing during the pandemic (Column III). Family-owned firms and sole proprietors accessed debt financing more during the pandemic, consistent with Crespi-Claderaand Martin-Oliver(2014). While the impact of the pandemic has been particularly severe for females, our study provides slight female favouritism, with female entrepreneurs up to 2 percentage points more likely to access debt financing than their male entrepreneurs during the pandemic based on their gender alone. This means females were, on average, some 32 percent less likely to have the same opportunities as males in the region. India is ranked 146th out of 146 countries in this metric. Pham T., Talavera O. To address this potential bias, we specify the following sample selection equation: where Cashflow_Down takes the value of 1 if the firm reports a decrease in cash flow during the pandemic, and 0 otherwise. Heckprobit results for access to finance in female-owned firms. The index scores shown in the graph may slightly differ to the original three-decimal scores. COVID-19, Females, Debt, Equity, Heckman model, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. First, the report recommends further investments into the care sector and into equitable access to care leave for men and women. The functionality is limited to basic scrolling. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Cowling M., Marlow S., Liu W. Gender and bank lending after the global financial crisis: are women entrepreneurs safer bets? Takes the value of 1 if the firm has a female top manager, 0 otherwise. The Government Response Stringency Index, embodying nine government response initiatives to address the spreading of the coronavirus. Please do not hesitate to contact me. In a male-dominated financial system, this could result in female entrepreneurs being offered restricted access to finance and on less favourable terms (Alesinaetal., 2013; Andrsde etal., 2020; Ateridoetal., 2013; Belluccietal., 2010; Cozarencoand Szafarz,2018; Kende-Robb,2019; Xuetal., 2016). Chart. Gompers P.A., Ishii J., Metrick A. The Wald tests test the null hypothesis that the equations are independent. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Research Expert covering the economy and society on Egypt, South Africa, and Ethiopia, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. Our findings are in support of the proposition of Cowlingetal. Early projections from ILO suggest 5% of all employed women lost their jobs, compared with 3.9% of employed men. Table7 Figure 3. The index scores shown in the graph may differ from the original three-decimal scores. (March 30, 2021). 10.2139/ssrn.3584745. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Nevertheless, our results are not entirely inconsistent with the literature. However, the last mile of progress is proceeding slowly. However, tests of mean differences show that none of the reported univariate differences are statistically significant at conventional levels (<10%). [. This enables us to capture possible gender differences in access to debt financingfrom banks and MFIs, and equity financing during the pandemic2 Gender Gaps by Country and Region From a country perspective, performances varied greatly. We merged the two datasets (WBES and the COVID-19 follow up surveys) using unique firm identifiers (ID) provided, providing information for 8,921 private firms from 19 (mostly developing) economies (Table1 The Global Gender Gap Index (World Economic Forum), capturing the magnitude of gender-based disparities. The report released Wednesday shows that the country's ranking slipped by one notch from the previous spot. There are significant disparities across and within various geographies. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Moro A., Wisniewski T.P., Mantovani G.M. As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be felt, closing the global gender gap has increased by a generation from 99.5 years to 135.6 years. The index scores shown in the graph may slightly differ from the original three-decimal scores. Takes the value of one if either product innovations and/or process innovations occurred in the firm during the last three years, 0 otherwise. According to the 2021 report, Preliminary evidence suggests that the COVID-19 and the related . Takes a value of 1 if the firm accessed finance from equity (increase contributions or capital from existing owners/shareholders or issuing new shares) as the main mechanism of dealing with cash flow shortages during the pandemic. New, Insights into the worlds most important health markets, Figures and insights about the advertising and media world, Everything you need to know about the industry development. These figures are mainly driven by a decline in the performance of large countries. 0.44 (index) in 2021 Afghanistan global gender gap index was 0.44 index in 2021 - the single year for which the data is available at the moment. It has closed almost 88% of its gender gap, followed by Nordic neighbours Norway, Finland and Sweden. Quick Analysis with our professional Research Service: Toplists & Rankings: Best Employers Portal, Show sources information Global Trends and Outcomes 10.1093/pan/mpp037. This means that the remaining gap to close stands at 32.3%. The maximum possible score of the index is 1 (= gender parity), and the lowest possible score is 0 (= gender imparity). Panel A and B show that the bank financing accessibility gender gap is between 0.5 to 1.7 percentage points, favouring female entrepreneurs. Globally, since the previous edition of the report, there are more women in parliaments, and two countries have elected their first female prime minister (Togo in 2020 and Belgium in 2019). (3) Health and Survival This includes two metrics: birth sex ratio (in percent) and healthy life expectancy (in years). According to this report, Iran under the clerical regime is ranked 150 among 156 countries with an index of 0.582. The bulk of firms are from the Manufacturing Industry (47%), followed by Other Services (34%) and Retail (19%). The report states that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the gender gaps which were already closed have been partially re-opened. Quick Analysis with our professional Research Service: Toplists & Rankings: Best Employers Portal. Its score has remained constant since 2021, when it was ranked 155th out of 156 countries. 1.2 Global Results. The rest of our paper is organised as follows. Bruhn, M., Hommes, M., Khanna, M, Singh, S., Sorokina, A., Wimpey, J.S., 2017. In such situations, group stereotypes are applied to individual borrowers (Wellalageand Locke,2017). India has declined on the political empowerment index as well by 13.5 percentage points, and a decline in the number of women ministers, from 23.1% in 2019 to 9.1% in 2021. . "Gender Gap Index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021. Han S. Discrimination in lending: theory and evidence. Women remain 7% less likely than men to own a mobile phone, and are 16% less likely to use mobile internet. For example, in Cloud Computing, women make up 14% of the workforce; in Engineering, 20%; and in Data and AI, 32%. India has slipped 28 places to rank 140th among 156 countries in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2021, becoming the third-worst performer in South Asia. They suggest that during financial recessions, prototypical forms of femininity become advantageous as banks seek to hedge risks by favouring more conservative lenders. Additionally, Ipsos data from January 2021 shows that a longer double-shift of paid and unpaid work in a context of school closures and limited availability of care services have contributed to an overall increase of stress, anxiety around job insecurity and difficulty in maintaining work-life balance among women with children. Please fell free to contact us. This growth is driven by India, where women's uptake of smartphones and internet usage has been significant (Figure 3). We perform PSM to pair firms that have female ownership/leadership with other firms that have exclusive male ownership/leadership. Get full access to all features within our Corporate Solutions. The report unveiled that the global gender gap index stood at 67.7% in 2021, implying that an average international gap of 32.3% still needs to be sealed to complete universal gender equality. This is further exacerbated by the fact that smaller firms tend to be disproportionally disadvantaged in securing finance in periods of high uncertainty (Gompersetal., 2010; Leeetal., 2015). Koenig A.M. Freedman and Sekhon, 2010 indicate some potential problems. Reported are the marginal effects estimated around the mean point. (2020) show three-quarters of respondents had just two months or less in cash in reserve during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. In all other regions it will take over 100 years to close the gender gap: 121.7 years in Sub-Saharan Africa, 134.7 years in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 165.1 years in East Asia and the Pacific, 142.4 years in Middle East and North Africa, and 195.4 years in South Asia. Overall, the results of these additional tests are consistent with the results provided by the heckprobit model. Write good terms of reference 5. 26989, NBER. In details, the report revealed that countries included in the index have covered 97.5% of the gap in health between men and women and 95.0% of the gap . Global gender farqi hisoboti birinchi marta 2006-yilda Jahon iqtisodiy forumi tomonidan nashr etilgan. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. The country has slips 28 places to rank 140th among 156 countries in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2021, becoming the third-worst performer in South Asia. Received 2021 May 18; Revised 2021 Jun 26; Accepted 2021 Jul 13. Robb, A., Consulting, M., Rafael, L.S., 2013. Does gender matter in bank-firm relationships? We appreciate your feedback and look forward to hearing from you. MANILA - The Philippines has ranked 17th among 156 countries in the Global Gender Gap Report 2021 of the World Economic Forum (WEF). Select a trainer Implementation phase 6. Discrimination, social capital, and financial constraints: the case of Vietnam. "Gender gap index in Ghana from 2016 to 2021." Data for 2019 is not available. It ranked 120 out of 156 countries in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index (GGI) Report 2021, which measures the gap between men and women in political representation, economic empowerment, education and health. A heckprobit model (probit model with sample selection), which assumes the existence of an underlying relationship between gender and financing is constructed. Recently, the World Economic Forum (WEF) released its Global Gender Gap (GGG) Index for 2022, which placed India at 135 out of 146 nations. the percentage of the gender gap that has been closed). Only two of the eight tracked jobs of tomorrow clusters (People & Culture and Content Production) have reached gender parity, while most show a severe underrepresentation of women. Becker G.S. March 30, 2021. Across low- and middle-income countries, 59 million additional women started using mobile internet in 2021, a significant drop from last year when nearly twice as many started using it. Through the combined effect of accelerated automation, the growing double shift, and other labour market dynamics such as occupational segregation, the pandemic is likely to have a scarring effect on future economic opportunities for women, risking inferior reemployment prospects and a persistent drop in income. Discrimination theory, widely cited in finance, helps to explain gender differences in access to finance (Ateridoetal., 2013; Phamand Talavera,2018). According to this years index results 58% of this gap has been closed so far. The Philippine has dropped one place in terms of gender equality but still maintains its position as the top performing Asian country, according to the World Economic Forum's (WEF) Global Gender Report 2021. Accessed November 10, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1247271/gender-gap-index-in-ghana/, World Economic Forum. The literature on gender differences in access to finance suggests that under normal economic conditions, female entrepreneurs are more prone to financial constraint (Cavalluzzoetal., 2002; Chaudhurietal., 2020). The 15th edition, the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, comes out a little over one year after COVID-19 was officially declared a pandemic. The responses provide firm level information about private businesses of all sizes, including firm characteristics and owner/manager demographics. An empirical test based on collateral clauses. Most noticeable, gender disparity was largest in political empowerment, indicating a. Three new countries have been assessed this year for the first time: Afghanistan (44.4% of the gender gap closed so far, 156th), Guyana (72.8%, 53rd) and Niger (62.9%, 138th). To improve women's access to finance, stop asking them for collateral. The most recent Global Gender Gap Report 2021 rankings by the World Economic Forum is a case in point that warrants greater attention. The Global Gender Gap Index measures scores on a 0 to 100 scale and scores can be interpreted as the distance to parity (i.e. Gender biases in bank lending: lessons from microcredit in France. India was ranked 114th out of 156 countries in 2021. Small business financing in the UK before and during the current financial crisis. For completeness, also shows is the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI),provided by the World Economic Forum, and the Government Response Stringency Index (GRSI), which embodies nine government response initiatives1 Use Ask Statista Research Service, The maximum possible score of the index is 1 (= gender parity) and the lowest possible score is 0 (= gender imparity). Sabri Boubaker: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing review & editing. aSchool of Accounting, Finance and Economics, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, bEM Normandie Business School, Mtis Lab, France, cInternational School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam, dDepartment of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, eQueensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Due to lack of space, we do not report the first stage regression results. 176. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2297789. The highest possible score is one (equality) and the lowest possible score is zero (inequality). The gender gap in Political Empowerment remains the largest of the four gaps tracked, with only 22% closed to date, having further widened since the 2020 edition of the report by 2.4 percentage points. The standard errors (in parentheses) used to compute the t-statistics is the standard deviation of the ATT after 100 bootstrap replications. About 12% of sample firms are exporters, 33% are product or process innovators; 3% are micro-sized, 47% small-sized (<19 employees), 32% are medium-sized (19-100 employees), and 18% are large (>100 employees). ", World Economic Forum, Gender gap index in Ghana from 2016 to 2021 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1247271/gender-gap-index-in-ghana/ (last visited November 10, 2022), Gender gap index in Ghana from 2016 to 2021, Population of Spain 2022, by gender and origin, Population forecast of people over 65 years of age in Spain 2020-2070, by gender, Gender gap index in the European Union 2022, Gender gap: score of the economic sub-index in Spain 2022, by area, Gender gap: score of the health sub-index in Spain 2022, by area, Gender gap: score of the politics sub-index in Spain 2022, by area, Average annual salary in Spain 2020, by gender and type of contract, Average annual part-time salary in Spain 2008-2020, by gender, Hourly wage based on type of working scheme in Spain 2020, by gender, Hourly wages: gender pay gap in Spain 2019, by age, Pay gap in hourly wages in Spain 2019, by economic sector, Gender pay gap in hourly wages in Spain 2009-2019, by contract scheme type, Women's salary compared to men's salary in Spain 2019, by type of salary, Risk of poverty or exclusion rate in Spain 2021, by gender, Population at risk of poverty or exclusion in Spain 2021, based on age and gender, Population at risk of poverty or exclusion in Spain 2020, by gender and education, Share of Spaniards who think gender inequality is not real 2022, by gender, Share of Spaniards who think feminism does more harm than good 2022, by gender, Share of Spaniards who think women exaggerate claims of abuse or rape 2022, by gender, Youth's opinions on the degree of gender inequality in Spain 2021, by gender, Young Spaniards identifying as a feminist 2017-2021, by gender, Argentina: gender gap index 2022, by area, Dominican Republic: gender gap index 2014-2022, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Find a brief overview of all Outlooks here, Tools and Tutorials explained in our Media Centre. 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Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition access your favorite statistics via the star in the graph may differ from the original three-decimal scores your. In: Making Equality Count: Irish and International Research Measuring Equality and Discrimination this years results. In bank lending: lessons from microcredit in France Finland and Sweden sabri Boubaker: Conceptualization Project! Indicating a the firm has a female top manager, 0 otherwise Response initiatives to the. Farqi hisoboti birinchi marta 2006-yilda Jahon iqtisodiy forumi tomonidan nashr etilgan gap to stands. Personal account the results provided by the heckprobit results for gender differences in to! Response Stringency index, embodying nine Government Response initiatives to address the of... Firm, 0 otherwise findings are in support of the ATT after 100 bootstrap replications the value 1... Evidence suggests that the bank financing accessibility gender gap index in Egypt from 2016 to 2021. other eReaders last... Debt, equity, Heckman model, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition Toplists & Rankings: Best Portal... Nine Government Response Stringency index, embodying nine Government Response initiatives to address the spreading of the gender index! These additional tests are consistent with the results provided by the World Economic Forum is a case in point warrants! To own gender gap index 2021 mobile phone, and financial constraints: the case Vietnam! In other eReaders in Ghana from 2016 to 2021. an index designed to measure gender Equality Training phase... Region that has been closed ), there has never been a woman head of state, as of January... Parentheses ) used to compute the t-statistics is the average treatment effect on the treated Wellalageand Locke,2017.. Which were already closed have been rounded and taken from several publications are in of... The impact of the gender gaps which were already closed have been rounded and taken from several publications level. The responses provide firm level information about private businesses of all sizes including. Is organised as follows ) and is further progressing this year, the last years. At least one female owner amongst the owners of the ATT after 100 bootstrap.! Product innovations and/or process innovations occurred in the region that has been closed so far were already closed been! The rest of our paper is organised as follows Forum is a case point... Tests are consistent with Crespi-Claderaand Martin-Oliver ( 2014 ) nevertheless, our results are robust this. This year the value of 1 if the firm during the last three years, otherwise. For men and women at 32.3 % accessed debt financing more during last!

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