emotion regulation questionnaire reliability and validity

The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; Garnefski et al., 2002) is a 36-item questionnaire developed to capture stable-dispositional cognitive emotion regulation strategies when people experience stressful life experiences (Feliu-Soler et al., 2017). Acceptance accepting and not changing a negative situation or the emotions caused. Reappraising the situation to down-regulate negative emotions would involve finding an alternative explanation for this forgetfulness, such as an excess of work or family-related problems, instead of seeing it as a neglect. 6. this 16-item scale measures two skills: (a) cognitive restructuring skills (cgrs), which refer to to ability to identify, assess and modify thoughts that produce psychological distress (clark, 2013 ); and (b) behavioral activation skills (ba), an important component of cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on 'activating' depressed individuals These science-based exercises will not only enhance your ability to understand and work with your emotions but will also give you the tools to foster the emotional intelligence of your clients, students, or employees. Spaapen, D., Waters, F., Brummer, L., Stopa, L., & Bucks, R. (2014). Hand-in-hand with having access to scales and questionnaire, equally important is knowing how to interpret the score. To facilitate the use of the measure in English speaking countries, we have developed and validated an English version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ) in a student sample ( n = 263) and a sample of individual clinical sample ( n = 35). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Emotions are central to human life (Cosmides & Tooby, 2000; Frijda, 1987; Keltner & Kring, 1998; Williams et al., 2004, Phelps, 2006) but they can be unhelpful if they occur at inconvenient moments or with an inappropriate intensity level (Gross, 1998; Gross & Thompson, 2007). Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(1), 3648. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 6482. Conversely, those scoring higher for expressive suppression modify the behavioral aspect of emotional responses without reducing the subjective and physiological experience of negative emotion. When all is said and done and added up, how should the results be interpreted? PubMedGoogle Scholar. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Journal of Research in Personality, 46(6), 780784. Can you tell me the age range? Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Since the processes of emotional regulation seems to vary according to life experience (even if these changes are not totally monotonic), it would be interesting to complement cross-sectional data with longitudinal data. Online ahead of print. Response modulation strategy was analyzed by considering two distinct processes: expressive suppression (down-regulation) and expressive enhancement (up-regulation). volume41,pages 23462353 (2022)Cite this article. The nine cognitive emotion regulation strategies are measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, with scores being obtained by calculating the mean scores belonging to a particular subscale. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies using the ERQ support this idea. Enebrink, P., Bjrnsdotter, A., & Ghaderi, A. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0748-x. All participants were asked to complete the 18-item version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28). 21 463 In this context, the Emotion Regulation Ques-tionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003) stands out in the literature as an effective tool for verifying individual dif - ferences in the systematic use of regulatory strategies. Marco JH, Fernandez-Felipe I, Fonseca S, Garcia-Palacios A, Baos R, Guillen V. Clin Psychol Psychother. 1993; 64: 211-220. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Eudaimonism in the mencius: Fulfilling the heart. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Enhancing Positive Affect calculate the sum of items 3, 6, 8, 13, 18 (2009). The short version of the CERQ-Sk is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing these cognitive emotion regulation strategies during the middle childhood developmental period and Clinicians and researchers will benefit from this briefer acceptable version when time is not available for the 36-item version. Interpersonal emotion regulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Confirmatory factor and measurement invariance analyses of the emotion regulation questionnaire. The ERQ and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-10 were administered to 252 older adults (age range 60-89 years; 48.4% female). Gross (Ed.). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Claude Houssemand, PhD, is a professor of Differential and Cognitive Psychology and head of the Department of Education and Social Work and of the Institute for Lifelong Learning & Guidance (University of Luxembourg). It is clear to see that emotion regulation in children is an important skill to assess and develop, as such several self-report measures have been designed to facilitate this process. Wiley Press. Wen, Z. L., Hou, J. T., & Marsh, H. W. (2004). A., Chang, J., Zamboanga, B. L., Brown, E. (2015). (1997). Journal of Personality Assessment, 102, 19. Contrary to expectations, extraverts do not seem to use expressive enhancement more often than introverts. Therefore, ERQ is a valid and reliable measure to assess the emotion regulation of rural-to-urban migrant adolescents and young adults in China. Google Scholar. (2012). Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Ecological momentary intervention to enhance emotion regulation in healthcare workers via smartphone: a randomized controlled trial protocol. (2008). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(2), 153158. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and norms for Swedish parents of children aged 10-13 years. The 10-item Emotional Regulation Scale (Gross & John, 2003) was used to measure emotional regulation. We conclude that, similar to previous findings in student samples, the ERQ has strong psychometric properties in general community samples and can therefore be used confidently regardless of participants' student status. Conversely, expressive suppression is considered a maladaptive, response-focused, plan of action implemented after an emotional response has already fully developed (Ioannidis & Siegling, 2015). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that a two-factor solution fits the data from both genders. More specifically, it investigates the following hypothesis: H1 the ERQ-adapted presents adequate internal consistency both overall and for each of its subscales (comparable to the internal consistency of the original scale: e.g., Christophe, Antoine, Leroy, & Delelis, 2009; Gross & John, 2003); H2 the ERQ-adapted reveals a three-factor structure (exploratory factor analysis) with an appropriate fit to the data (exploratory factor and item-response theory analysis: e.g. The first four families of strategies are considered antecedent-focused because they take place before the emotion response tendency is completely activated. Reappraisal was positively correlated with positive affect among both genders, and negatively correlated with negative affect among older women only. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire is designed to assess individual differences in the habitual use of two emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Rural taste, urban fashions: The cultural politics of rural/urban difference in contemporary China. If extraverts spontaneously express more emotions, it can also be the case that when questioned about whether they up-regulate their emotions by enhancing their expression, they might perceive this strategy as not being particularly necessary, and thereby not a strategy they use (in comparison with introverts). Castilla D, Navarro-Haro MV, Suso-Ribera C, Daz-Garca A, Zaragoza I, Garca-Palacios A. BMC Psychiatry. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features Spontaneous emotion regulation during evaluated speaking tasks: Associations with negative affect, anxiety expression, memory, and physiological responding. A person-by-situation approach to emotion regulation: Cognitive reappraisal can either help or hurt, depending on the context. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For instance, using cognitive reappraisal to regulate emotions has been shown to result in more affective, cognitive, and social consequences when compared to expressive suppression. Personality dimensions were assessed using a French version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI; Plaisant et al., 2010). (2012). Hofmann, S.G. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379285. Mai, Y. J., & Wen, Z. L. (2013). Cognitive Reappraisal: Men 4.6, Women 4.61, Expressive Suppression: Men 3.64, Women 3.14. Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. 7. Article Cognitive reappraisal is an adaptive, antecedent-focused strategy that affects the early cognitive stages of emotional activity, whereby the original interpretation of a situation is re-evaluated (Ioannidis & Siegling, 2015). For instance, I keep my emotions to myself is related to emotional expression, whereas a statement such as, When I want to feel more positive emotions, I change the way Im thinking about the situation represents emotional experience. Successful skills use is assessed through nine subscales; awareness, sensations, clarity, understanding, modification, acceptance, tolerance, readiness to confront distressing situations, and self-support. 2022 Feb 15:1-13. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2036948. In J. J. The effect mechanism of stigma perception on mental health among migrant children in Beijing. Put simply, cognitive reappraisal is fundamentally changing the way one thinks about potentially emotion-eliciting events. Go to Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Pdf website using the links below Step 2. Pekrun, R., Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. The CERQ-k measures nine cognitive emotion regulation strategies that children may use after experiencing negative life events. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). (2004). Emotion regulation is currently a frequently studied research domain, with numerous studies attesting to its importance for human adaptation, and its implications for peoples lives (Gross, 2002, 2015; Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Muoz, 1995; John & Gross, 2004; Mikolajczak, Tran, Brotheridge, & Gross, 2009; Snyder, Simpson, & Hughes, 2006). The CERQ is a multidimensional questionnaire constructed in order to measure someone's general cognitive style as well as their cognitive strategy after experiencing a specific event. Individuals aged between 48-57 years old report reappraising significantly more often than individuals aged between 17 and 27. (2004). In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.). Interpersonal emotion regulation can be categorized in two ways; intrinsic whether people use it to alter their own emotions, and extrinsic whether people use it to change others emotions. This means that they should not be seen as being negative (using one does not imply not using the other), nor as positively dependent (the frequent use of one of them has no influence on the tendency or disposition to use the other; Gross & John, 2003). 2022 Jan 20:1-18. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2027331. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 1, 99103. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Cutuli D. (2014). Advances in Psychological Science, 21(5), 934939. Giromini, L., de Campora, G., Brusadelli, E., DOnofrio, E., Zennaro, A., Zavattini, G. C., & Lang, M. (2016). "/> Barthel, A., Hay, A., Doan, S.N., & Hofmann, S. (2018). 2016 Census data summary: Cultural diversity in Australia. Emotion regulation and peer-rated social functioning: A 4-year longitudinal study. Review of Income and Wealth, 53(1), 93126. For instance, women with high levels of self-blame are 2.7 times more likely to develop depression than those who do not self-blame (Killian, Cacciatore, & Lacasse, 2011). Mikolajczak, M., Tran, V., Brotheridge, C., & Gross, J. J. The current analyses were exploratory and will have to be confirmed by analyses which will seek to verify the latent three-factor structure of ERQ. Criterion and incremental validity of the emotion regulation questionnaire. This indicates that the self-perceived tendency to reappraise increases as the individuals get older. Parkinson, B., & Totterdell, P. (1999). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Intervention to strengthen emotional self-regulation in children with emerging mental health problems. Bold values represent highest loading of each ERQ-adapted item. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170903504810. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology, 15(6), 503505. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. How can I get the authors email access? 12. A growing number of researchers and practitioners recognize the importance of understanding how individuals draw on a broad array of strategies to regulate their emotions. Individual differences in expressive enhancement are explored. Furthermore, the criterion validity of the ERQ has been examined, revealing numerous associations with constructs related to adaptive and non-adaptive functioning. Front Psychol. The higher the score, the greater the use of that particular emotion regulation strategy, conversely lower scores represent less frequent use. Patients and Methods In Study 1, the Japanese version of ERQ-CA was developed and administered to 389 children aged 8-12 years. The modulatory role of internet-supported mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on extracellular vesicles and psychological distress in people who have had cancer: a protocol for a two-armed randomized controlled study. The emotion regulation questionnaire in women with cancer: A psychometric evaluation and an item response theory analysis. Strength in numbers? The emotion regulation questionnaire in women with cancer: A psychometric evaluation and an item response theory analysis. These findings suggest that the translated versions of IERQ are also reliable and valid scales, with the psychometric properties being similar to those of the original. I hope after reading this article, you have discovered some useful information and guidance on how emotion regulation can be effectively measured from childhood, through adolescence, and into adulthood. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 1629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2007.00219.x. Liang, Z., & Chen, Y. P. (2007). Hofmann, S. G., Carpenter, J. K., & Curtiss, J. This conclusion was verified empirically by a pre-study in which all respondents answered in the negative to these type of questions. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2010.8. Psychological Assessment. Research indicates that using cognitive reappraisal to regulate emotions is associated with healthier patterns of affect, social functioning, and well-being when compared to expressive suppression (Cutuli, 2014). This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008220. Encyclopaedia of Human Emotions, 237241. Other-blame the causal attribution of adverse events to others. Secondly, individual differences on these strategies and their respective correlates with personality were studied. 8600 Rockville Pike One could interpret this finding as follows: because spontaneously men tend to express less emotion than women (Buck et al., 1974). Note. Results: This study sought to investigate whether the modification of the scale would affect its psychometrical properties. PMC (2019). Grant, M., Salsman, N. L., & Berking, M. (2018). Ct, S., Gyurak, A., & Levenson, R. W. (2010). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Internalizing Mental Health Disorders and Emotion Regulation: A Comparative and Mediational Study of Older Adults With and Without a History of Complex Trauma Exposure. Validity and reliability of emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) in Chinese rural-to-urban migrant adolescents and young adults. An official website of the United States government. SOBC Validation Process The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a 10-item self-report scale designed to assess habitual use of two commonly used strategies to alter emotion: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: Application to students evaluations of university teaching. Asparouhov, T., & Muthn, B. This is a 10 item scale which taps into two emotion regulation strategies, namely. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted. International Journal of Behavioral Development, Mikolajczak, Tran, Brotheridge, & Gross, 2009, Melka, Lancaster, Bryant, & Rodriguez, 2011, Egloff, Schmukle, Burns, & Schwerdtfeger, 2006, Nezlek, Vansteelandt, Van Mechelen, & Kuppens, 2008, Cabello, Salguero, Fernndez-Berrocal, & Gross, 2012, Christophe, Antoine, Leroy, & Delelis, 2009, Plaisant, Courtois, Rveillre, Mendelsohn, & John, 2010, Valois, Houssemand, Germain, & Belkacem, 2011. However different age-groups have similar tendencies to suppress. Troy, A. S., Wilhelm, F. H., Shallcross, A. J., & Mauss, I. (2012). Mapping the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model. Additionally, the length of the response scale was reduced from a 7-point Likert scale to 5-points from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). I control my emotions by changing the way I think about the situation (reappraisal item) or I control my emotions by not expressing them (expressive suppression item). Author guidelines for reporting scale development and validation results in the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(4), 12401258. This contrasts with low conscientiousness, more impulsive individuals. Since its development, the ERQ has been used extensively in studies of emotion regulation and has shown good psychometric properties. This means that individuals who frequently enhance the expression of emotions also have a small tendency to use the other two strategies, and vice-versa. Gogol, K., Brunner, M., Goetz, T., Martin, R., Ugen, S., Keller, U., et al. Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Preece, D. A., Becerra, R., Robinson, K., & Gross, J. J. Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. Google Scholar. Higher subscale scores indicate greater use of a specific cognitive strategy. When I want to feel more positive emotions, I change the way Im thinking about the situation. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.925. The findings also confirm that the CERQ is a reliable instrument for the evaluation of emotion regulation strategies in adolescents. Used to describe a persons ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences, emotion regulation is a concept receiving ever-growing interest in mental health and psychotherapy research. When I am feeling negative emotions, I make sure not to express them. The development and application of an adolescent academic emotions questionnaire. Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. A very important question for any questionnaire or scale, below is a quick rehash of each scales reliability. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the When Im faced with a stressful situation, I make myself think about it in a way that helps me stay calm. Positive reappraisal finding the silver lining by creating a positive meaning to negative events. Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Nakagawa, S. (2008).

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