what foods contain diacetyl

Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. 2013;8:531-42. Experimental brewing in stirred tanks has been carried out at different temperatures, pH's and agitation characteristics. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Thank you for your comment. Nutrition Facts and Benefits of Corn, Apricot: Nutrition Facts, Health Benefits, and Recipe, 12 Filling Foods That Are Also Good for You, Flat Tummy Water: Benefits, Side Effects & Nutrition Facts, Plantain vs. Banana: Difference in Nutrition and Health Benefits, Is it Wise to Drink Lemon Water before Bed? is the butter safe? food flavorings containing diacetyl. It is a chemical that may increase amyloid plaques in the brain. After doing a bit of brief research, I found that diacetyl is used in almost all cooking oils, butter substitutes, and sprays (excluding salted butter); diacetyl is being used as both a flavor additive and a preservative. Most likely derived from dairy but may be plant based. 2019;12(3):191-198. doi:10.1080/19393210.2019.1592238. food flavorings containing diacetyl. In addition, there will be several other opportunities for stakeholders to provide information and comment during the rulemaking process. Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. [23], In 2016, diacetyl was banned in e-liquids/e-cigarettes in the EU under the EU Tobacco Products Directive.[24]. Another study published in Stroke studied peoplewho suffered a stroke or diagnosed with dementia due to Alzheimers disease. Popcorn as a snack: Healthy hit or dietary horror show? Arch Neurol. Beer: Beer contains nitrites, which can cause Alzheimers disease. [20] Manufacturers of butter flavored popcorn including Pop Weaver, Trail's End, and ConAgra Foods (maker of Orville Redenbacher's and Act II) began removing diacetyl as an ingredient from their products. White breads, pasta, processed meats and cheeses, all of these have been linked to Alzheimers disease. How important is a healthy diet? NIOSH held a public meeting on the draft diacetyl /2,3-pentanedione criteria document on August 26, 2011. It forms from sugars and lipids via various bacteria and heat treatment in various foods and beverages, such as milk. Currently, even though there is little to suggest significant risk to normal consumers, a sensible precautionary approach is appropriate. Nevertheless, consumers should be aware that some substances are still used in the packaging. For instance, I use butters and oils almost every day in my cooking, and now I am a bit concerned. Which cheeses have diacetyl? - Studybuff Even if substances are safe to eatgenerally recognized as safe as determined by the Food and Drug Administrationthey may still be harmful to breathe in the forms and amounts to which food and chemical industry workers may be exposed. ; Lactic - Typically derived from plants such as beets. The EPA reports that several PFAS have been phased out and are no longer produced in the United States. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 185(2002): 128-135. Diacetyl is not one of Despite the phasing out and cessation in the U.S. and Europe, it is unclear whether production has moved to Asia. Beer and wine found in the fermentation of alcohol. Does someone alreday know how much diacetyl can be maximum used for products? Thank you for your comment. Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Department of Labor. "Necrosis of Nasal and Airway Epithelium in Rats Inhaling Vapors of Artificial Butter Flavoring. Basic information on PFAS. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Also, a modified OSHA method 1016 is being investigated to improve detection limits by replacing flame ionization detection with mass spectrometric detection negating the need to derivatize. Side-by-side field samples were collected and analyzed according to NMAM 2557, OSHA method PV 2118, and a modified version of the OSHA method in flavoring manufacturing facilities. There are treatment options to manage or reduce symptoms and limit further lung damage, however. Diacetyl is a chemical that was found to be a prominent volatile constituent in butter flavoring and air at the microwave popcorn plant initially investigated by NIOSH. Diacetyl (IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3CO)2. Microwave popcorn has also been linked to a serious lung disease called popcorn lung. It is recommended that NMAM 2557 not be used to determine the concentration of airborne diacetyl. Perfluorinated compounds: emerging POPs with potential immunotoxicity. These are critical steps to ensure that we are providing the best possible guidance we can to minimize the risks of exposures for workers. Diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) has long been recognized as imparting a distinctive buttery or butterscotch note in foods, such as cottage cheese ( Hempenius et al., 1965; Antinone et al., 1994 ), beer ( Portno, 1966; Landaud et al., 1998 ), and wine ( Hayasaka and Bartowsky, 1999; Bartowsky and Henschke, 2004 ). Effects of flavorings have been examined in animal studies. You may also be interested in materials from a recent workshop sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/NewsEvents/ucm428317.htm. Dr. McKernan is a research industrial hygienist in the NIOSH Education and Information Division. Research has linked a buildup of amyloid plaques to Alzheimers disease. Diacetyl is often used as a butter or cream flavoring, which is This disease is growing in extraordinary numbers, affecting all families. To address the question of whether microwave popcorn consumption is a risk to consumers would require comparing large numbers of cases of obstructive lung disease to controls without such disease to see if the two groups differed in their popping of microwave popcorn or other types of butter flavoring usage. Based on the available data, the panel reiterated the finding that there were no safety concerns for diacetyl's use as a flavouring. NIOSH established recommended exposure limits (RELs) of 5 ppb for diacetyl and 9.3 ppb for 2,3-pentanedione as 8-hour time weighted averages (TWAs). They cause the liver to produce fats that are toxic to the brain. WebThe FDA has found that e-cigarettes can contain chemicals and other substances that are potentially harmful to users, including nicotine, diacetyl, and formaldehyde. We are all wondering why Alzheimers is increasing and yet the study mentioned identifies that this chemical inreases beta-amyloid which binds to the brain. ", Morgan DL, et. The recommended exposure limits (RELs) were published in October 2016 in the NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Diacetyl and 2,3-Pentanedione. They concluded that PFOA most likely had played a role in contributing to health problems. ; Natural - Science of Taste: Industrial Hygiene and Food Flavorings The second article is Engineering Case Reports: Evaluation of a Local Exhaust Ventilation System for Controlling Exposures During Liquid Flavoring Production (Volume 5 (11), D103-D110, 2008). These same foods are linked to other serious health problems, making it that much more important to limit or remove them from a seniors diet. SUMMARY: OSHA is requesting data, information, and comment on issues related to occupational exposure to diacetyl and food flavorings containing diacetyl, including current employee exposures to diacetyl; the relationship between exposure to diacetyl and the development of adverse health effects; exposure assessment and monitoring methods; exposure control methods; employee training; medical surveillance for adverse health effects related to diacetyl exposure; and other pertinent subjects. Clarke R, et al. National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Although it occurs naturally in some foods, most of the diacetyl in the human diet is artificially manufactured and used to flavor processed food products. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: a systematic review. Exposure Limits & Solutions HSE Releases Safety Alert for Diacetyl Vapor. The FDA has concluded that there is not enough evidence to prove that e-cigarettes are a safe alternative to conventional cigarettes. NIOSH found that simple exhaust hoods based on existing designs can dramatically reduce worker exposure during the use and mixing of flavoring chemicals. Thank you for your comment. This is scary and information which the public should be aware of. Diacetyl - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Little could be more important than finding ways to prevent it. The FDA has found that e-cigarettes can contain chemicals and other substances that are potentially harmful to users, including nicotine, diacetyl, and formaldehyde. Rebeca Schiller is a health and wellness writer with over a decade of experience covering topics including digestive health, pain management, and holistic nutrition. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Japanese sake, a traditional rice wine, is produced by a multistep fermentation process mainly using well-studied strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Aspergillus oryzae derived from koji (Japan Sake and Shochu Makers Association, 2011 ). Egilman DS, Schilling JH. NIOSH held a public meeting in August 2011, accepted comments from stakeholders on this draft document through November 2011, and peer review comments through May 2012. [6], Diacetyl and acetoin are two compounds that give butter its characteristic taste. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Safety. -, For information on submitting comments view the Federal Register notice at http://www.regulations.gov (search diacetyl). ACTION: Advance notice of proposed rulemaking. Seltenrich N.PFAS in food packaging: A hot, greasy exposure. The current sampling method only accounts for the vapor phase. This document will be responsive to the peer review and public comments that we received. Does NIOSH have the criteria necessary to establish a REL for diacetyl and 2,3 pentandione? 2009 Mar;43(3):514-8. PFAS in food packaging: A hot, greasy exposure, Screening and identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in microwave popcorn bags, Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), Bronchiolitis obliterans and consumer exposure to butter-flavored microwave popcorn: a case series, Diacetyl in foods: A review of safety and sensory characteristics, Perfluorinated compounds: emerging POPs with potential immunotoxicity, PFOA and cancer in a highly exposed community: new findings from the C8 science panel, Immunotoxicity associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), PFOA and PFOS levels in microwave paper packaging between 2005 and 2018. Can/do other preservatives have similar effects? Commercial roasting and grinding of beans can release diacetyl into the air along with other volatile compounds in the workplace. Although it occurs naturally in some foods, most of the diacetyl in the human diet is artificially manufactured and used to flavor processed food products. WebThe flavors most likely to contain diacetyl are dessert flavors like custard and some fruit and candy-flavored liquids. WebDiacetyl - Emulsifier - May contain animal fat as it is derived from Glycerin/Glycerol. seattlepi.com Doru Paul, MD, is triple board-certified in medical oncology, hematology, and internal medicine. The parameters have been evaluated to fit the results of diacetyl concentration evolution throughout fermentation. Cultured cream, cultured butter, and cultured buttermilk owe their tart flavour to lactic acid bacteria and their buttery aroma and taste to diacetyl. The data showed 90% of the food purchased from the grocery store was less likely to be tainted by PFAS from packaging, in contrast to the wrapped or boxed fast food. I just wonder what are other side effect that will bring this chemicals to our health. Another report that was published in Occupational and Environmental Medicine in October 2018 connected an ingredient in microwave popcorn butter flavoring, called diacetyl, to lung problems. So, while diacetyl is generally considered safe to consume in reasonable amounts, inhalation of diacetyl appears to be unsafe. Cooking or popping of products containing diacetyl and other butter flavoring chemicals should be done in a food preparation area with adequate exhaust ventilation. Details below: ACTION: Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking; withdrawal. Clin Interv Aging. While diacetyl and other flavoring chemicals have been evaluated in the microwave popcorn and flavor manufacturing industry, less is known about the potential for exposure in other food production. Pettegrew JW, et al. Flavorings-Related Lung Disease - Overview | Occupational Safety 3. Baum L, et al. Melissa Ross/Moment/Getty Images. Boston University Research, April 20 ,2017;http://www.bu.edu/research/articles/soda-bad-for-brain/. NIOSH also recommended a STEL for 2,3-pentanedione of 31 ppb during a 15-minute period. [Solved] After reading Chapter 3 and learning about the FDA in this WELs for diacetyl is at 20 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.02 parts per million (ppm) over an 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA), and 100 ppb or 0.10 ppm over a 15-min TWA period. Also, please describe the cost of any equipment or supplies that you have purchased for use in medical programs associated with exposure to diacetyl or food flavorings containing diacetyl. Label Decoder: Diacetyl | Food Network Healthy Eats: To our knowledge, there is not an upper limit on diacetyl content in food products. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has released formal recommendations for controlling workplace exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, widely-used food flavoring compounds that have been associated with decreased lung function in exposed workers. WebFoods containing diacetyl that occurs naturally include: Dairy products such as milk, cheese, yogurt and butter. OSHA is looking for comments on a proposed rule regarding Diacetyl. J Alzheimers Dis. Beer and wine found in the fermentation of alcohol. 2010 Jun;67(6):699-706. As we move forward with this research we would like your input on the following questions: Lauralynn Taylor McKernan ScD CIH; Kevin Dunn MSEE CIH; Kathleen Kreiss MD; David N. Weissman MD. You have explained everything well. This bond distance is about 1.54, compared to 1.45 for the corresponding CC bond in 1,3-butadiene. Diacetyl 2012 Jan-Mar;18(1):29-42. doi:10.1179/1077352512Z.0000000005. Movie popcorn served in a large tub can be a greasy, high-calorie snack, clocking in at 1,090 calories with a whopping 2,650 milligrams of sodiumtwo major contributors to high blood pressure that could lead to a stroke and/or heart disease. Diacetyl may also be added to other dairy products including those listed above as well as butter substitutes and processed cheese/dips. In this disease, the smallest airways in the lung (the bronchioles) become scarred and constricted, blocking the movement of air. What is the difference between c-chart and u-chart? 2. However, we believe that people should be able to know what ingredients are in the products that they use. It also contains a draft Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) based upon a quantitative risk assessment. ", Hubbs AF, et. Some beers may contain a trace of buttery popcorn, but many people prefer to avoid the chemical entirely. 6 Chemical Additives in Foods You Eat - ThoughtCo 2013]7. Diacetyl exposure can cause permanent, severe, and potentially lethal lung disease in workers and consumers. Is exposure to these aersols a concern? The challenge is that there may be a diacetyl precursor in a sample of beer that you cant taste or smell: acetolactate. Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: a protective diet. Nor is there any evidence that cooking with butter is associated with increased risk for lung disease. Popcorn is a high-fiber whole grain. 2 Because of this, manufacturers of artificial butter flavoring, margarines or similar oil-based products typically add diacetyl and acetoin (along with beta-carotene for the yellow color) to make the final product butter-flavored, because it would otherwise be relatively tasteless. A healthy diet does more than benefit our waistlines. Those toxins can lead to inflammation, the build-up of plaques in the brain and, as a result, impaired cognitive function. What is on the horizon for diacetyl and food flavoring sampling? Diacetyl occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages and is added as a flavoring to some foods to impart its buttery flavor. Flavorings-Related Lung Disease - Diacetyl and 2,3-Pentandione "Bronchial and bronchiolar fibrosis in rats exposed to 2,3-pentanedione vapors: implications for bronchiolitis obliterans in humans. NIOSH published a draft criteria document which included an overview of the scientific literature pertaining to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in August 2011. At this time, NIOSH is has not identified any specific chemicals to formally band. Is Microwave Popcorn a Risk for Cancer and Lung Disease? Diacetyl became a concern when food workers in plants making butter-flavored microwave popcorn started having health problems. Consuming processed foods, complex carbohydrates, and sugar stimulates the production of toxins in the body. Understanding the Broad-Spectrum Neuroprotective Action Profile of Green Tea Polyphenols in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Diacetyl occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages and is added as a flavoring to some foods to impart its buttery flavor. And like PFAS, these chemicals exist in the environment and appear in blood samples in humans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. Now that diacetyl is linked to alzheimers disease it is time to take action to identify the products that diacetyl is in. It is a vicinal diketone (two C=O groups, side-by-side). Thus, it would be premature to make public health policy intended to prevent Alzheimers Disease based on this report alone. He is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College and attending physician in the Department of Hematology and Oncology at the New York Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center. Lecithin - May contain egg yolks. Combination of four bacterial strains isolated from 2010;20(4):1029-37. Diacetyl is a prominent chemical ingredient in butter flavorings and is a component of the vapors coming from these and other flavorings. If ingredients described as natural flavor or artificial flavor are listed, you would need to contact the manufacturer to find out if diacetyl is part of the added flavor. Determination of Diacetyl in Beer Diacetyl is detected as a butter taste in the beers flavor and aroma. What are the synergistic effects of this and other chemicals in our foods? These effects apply to people of all ages, not just seniors. 2009 Aug 12;302(6):627-37.6. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Among the more popular snacks, popcorn is considered as one of the healthier choices. Accurate measurement of diacetyl exposures is likely to be helpful in preventing flavorings-related lung disease. Dr. Weissman is the Director of the NIOSH Division of Respiratory Disease Studies. However, this study did not examine if diacetyl exposure has this effect in people or if people exposed to diacetyl have an increased risk for developing Alzheimers Disease. Hubbs A., et al. Moreover, diacetyl is present in cigarette smoke at levels substantially higher than those measured in the Harvard study, but smoking has never been considered a risk factor for popcorn lung, making it extremely unlikely that e-cigarettes cause the disease. NIOSH plans to publish a final criteria document this calendar year. Recipe formulations have changed throughout the years, depending upon desired taste in industry. Low levels are present in butter (including unsalted butter, to which extra diacetyl is added to prolong its shelf life). Processed meats:Processed meat like bacon, smoked turkey, and ham containnitrosamines. This article reveals the 7 worst foods for your brain. However, a recent study in animals suggests that combined exposure to another flavoring agent, butyric acid, might slightly increase the penetration of diacetyl into the lung. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Recognized for both its buttery aroma and flavoring, diacetyl is a natural compound found in foods such as butter, yogurt, a variety of cheeses, and sour cream. Coffee, coffee beans, coffee grounds which has been linked to Coffee Worker Lung Disease. 1. [18] As part of this study, the panel reviewed available studies on several other flavourings in FGE.11, including diacetyl. NIOSH studies occupational settings and is not involved in labeling of food products for consumers, which is within the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. Saving Lives, Protecting People, http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/REsearch/Files/DiacetylFactSheet.pdf, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-245/0245-081211-draftdocument.pdf, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-245/0245-082611-Transcript.pdf, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/docket245.html, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/flavorings/, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2015-197/pdfs/2015-197.pdf, https://www.aiha.org/about-aiha/Press/2014PressRelease/Pages/AIHA-Cautions-Against-Indoor-Use-ofElectronic-Cigarettes-.aspx, http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/NewsEvents/ucm428317.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-111/default.html, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. NIOSH is recruiting companies in the food manufacturing industry for participation in a study to assess worker exposures to diacetyl among a range of food manufacturers, including dairy. The makers of some wines, such as chardonnay, deliberately promote the production of diacetyl because of the feel and flavor it imparts. DATES: Comments must be submitted (postmarked, sent, or received) by April 21, 2009. The November issue of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene contains two National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-authored articles related to current issues in diacetyl and food flavorings. When animal-derived, found in blood and muscle tissue. [citation needed], In 2007, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the EU's food safety regulatory body, stated its scientific panel on food additives and flavourings (AFC) was evaluating diacetyl along with other flavourings as part of a larger study. ", Morgan DL, et al. Comments listed below are posted by individuals not associated with CDC, unless otherwise stated. WebThe diacetyl-containing flavors may be found in microwave popcorn, snack foods, baked goods, and candies. Unfortunately, the foods that hamper memory are common staples in the American diet. When a product is advertised as having a butter flavor, it is most likely containing diacetyl. Diacetyl, a chemical used to give microwave popcorn its buttery flavor and aroma, is linked to severe and irreversible lung damage when inhaled in large amounts. What foods are high in diacetyl? Better it, it should be banned immediately, if there is some connection at the cellular level. 2020;128(5):054002. doi:10.1289/EHP4092, Zabaleta I, Negreira N, Bizkarguenaga E, Prieto A, Covaci A, Zuloaga O. [citation needed], Beer sometimes undergoes a "diacetyl rest", in which its temperature is raised slightly for two or three days after fermentation is complete, to allow the yeast to absorb the diacetyl it produced earlier in the fermentation cycle. A: Roasting coffee produces chemicals that, when inhaled, can cause serious, irreversible lung damage. In occupational settings, the Occupational Safety and Health Adminstration (OSHA) requires that Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) be made available to workers using potentially hazardous substances at work. The final decision rests with the beer consumer. If youre avoiding unhealthy snacks by reaching for low-fat and low sodium treats like microwave popcorn, you may want to take into consideration the chemicals used to coat its packaging. What are the differences between a male and a hermaphrodite C. elegans? Consuming too little of these foods and too many complex carbohydrates, processed foods and sugar stimulates the production of toxins in the body. Hubbs AF, et. It differs from OSHA method PV 2118 by using larger sample tubes (two 400/200 mg silica gel tubes in series) for sample collection. According to several scientific studies, flavoring additives like diacetyl and other chemicals used in microwave popcorn bags were deemed unsafe because of the potential risk of health effects, such as irreversible lung damage. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), these grains are associated with a reduced risk of diseases such as. 181 (2012):829-44. In fact, all the major microwave popcorn manufacturers we contacted said they no longer use diacetyl. 3 Do you find any substance in the appended article here to be consistent with the concerns outlined on this website? Morgan DL, et al. When a product is advertised as having a butter flavor, it is most likely containing diacetyl. Xanthan - Gum produced from corn sugar. PFAS are currently used in a wide variety of common productsfrom firefighting foams to paints to nonstick household products. Foods That Contain Diacetyl | Our Everyday Life This chemical has been used as a marker of exposure to flavoring vapors in investigations evaluating lung disease in microwave popcorn manufacturing facilities.1 Acetoin (also called acetyl methyl carbinol), 2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-hexanedione and 2,3-heptanedione are all structurally related to diacetyl and have been suggested as possible substitutes for diacetyl. -. Diacetyl is both a man-made chemical compound and something that occurs naturally in certain foods or food processes. Taking too much alcohol is known to have grave effects on the brain. Honey and most fruits. WebFoods containing diacetyl that occurs naturally include: Dairy products such as milk, cheese, yogurt and butter. Boston University Research, April 20 ,2017; Wegerer, J., Nutrition and Dementia: Foods That May Induce Memory Loss & Increase Alzheimers, Alzheimers, January 2, 2014; FoodsForBetterHealth. Diacetyl - Wikipedia These findings in conjunction with laboratory experiments providing biological plausibility, meet the standard criteria used to determine causation: that an exposure is the likely cause of specific health effects [Gordis 1996; Hill 1965].7, NIOSH also expressed concern about 2,3-pentanedione based on its structural similarity to diacetyl and animal studies showing that it caused damage in the airways of animals, similar to that caused by diacetyl. We anticipate publishing the document in calendar year 2013. http://motherboard.vice.com/read/how-butter-flavored-e-cigs-are-fueling-a-crucial-vaping-controversy. The draft criteria document also covered 2,3-pentanedione and recommended a REL that exposure to 2,3-pentanedione be kept below a concentration of 9.3 ppb in a TWA during a 40-hour work week.

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