public broadcasting in the united states quizlet

Revised September 2021 A PDF version of this document is available HERE. You can also participate in the application process by filing a petition to deny when someone applies for a new station, when a station is being sold (technically called an assignment of the licensee), when its licensee is undergoing a major transfer of stock or other ownership or control (technically called a transfer of control), or the station proposes major facility changes. Telephone: (888) 225-5322 (voice); (888)835-5322 (TTY) Commercial TV broadcasters must maintain records to verify compliance with commercial time limits and make these records available for public inspection. Additionally, certain navigation devices must make on-screen text menus and guides used for the display or selection of video programming audibly accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. by | Jun 16, 2022 | cheap deposit holidays | robertson funeral home marlin tx | Jun 16, 2022 | cheap deposit holidays | robertson funeral home marlin tx Radio Act | United States [1927] | Britannica The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established the "separate but equal" rule. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET). Audio Description. American public broadcasting is not a unified structure, but an ad hoc assemblage of stations united both by the fluctuating patronage of the institutions that . [16] Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. The Commission has applied the host selling policy to the display of Internet website addresses as follows. This procedure is discussed earlier in this Manual. The Public and Broadcasting | Federal Communications Commission Violent Programming. It or its owners have, or have had, any interest in a broadcast application in an FCC proceeding in which character issues were resolved adversely to the applicant or were left unresolved, or were raised in connection with a pending application; Its ownership is consistent with the Communications Acts restrictions on licensees; Interests are held by foreign governments, foreign corporations, and non-U.S. citizens; There has been an adverse finding or adverse final action against it or its owners by a court or administrative body in a civil or criminal proceeding involving a felony, mass media-related antitrust or unfair competition law, the making of fraudulent statements to a governmental unit, or discrimination; There were any adjudicated violations of the Communications Act or the Commissions rules during the current license term; The licensee or its owners have been denied federal benefit due to drug law violations; Its station operation complies with the Commissions radiofrequency (RF) radio exposure standards; It has placed and maintained certain specified materials in its public inspection file in a timely manner; It has discontinued station operations for more than 12 consecutive months during the preceding license term and is currently broadcasting programming; It has adhered to its minimum operating schedule; Its advertising sales agreements discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity and whether all such agreements held by the licensee contain nondiscrimination clauses; It has filed Form 396, Broadcast Equal Employment Opportunity Program Report; and. For additional information concerning this requirement, see https://www.fcc.gov/television-and-set-top-box-controls-menus-program-guides. Golden Age of American radio, period lasting roughly from 1930 through the 1940s, when the medium of commercial broadcast radio grew into the fabric of daily life in the United States, providing news and entertainment to a country struggling with economic depression and war. The FCC requires all licensees of radio and TV stations afford equal opportunity in employment. The difference between a political value and a political attitude is that values are basic principles, while attitudes are specific preferences. The total number of individual members defined as anyone who has given money to one of the stations owned by these 123 licensees in each calendar year in 2019 was 2.4 million, about the same as the previous year. No federal law prohibits the broadcast by stations of requests for funds for legal purposes (including appeals by stations for contributions to meet their operating expenses), if the money or other contributions are used for the announced purposes. In the United States, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) serves as the nation's main public television provider. In classical political theory, a liberal was closest to what we refer to as today an expansion in governmental social services. In 2020, contributions from individuals comprised 24% of total nonpublic funding. [18], In the United States, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) serves as the nation's main public television provider. Support for an affirmative action policy that considers an applicant's race in university admissions is an example of a political ________, while a belief in equality of opportunity is an example of a political _______. Class A television, low power television and television translator stations are neither designated commercial or NCE. (Traditional radio listening is terrestrial, i.e., coming from radio broadcast towers rather than satellites or the internet.) They require all stations that employ five or more full-time employees (defined as those regularly working 30 hours a week or more) to: Each licensee with five or more full-time employees must maintain records of its recruitment efforts and create and place in its public file (https://publicfiles.fcc.gov) an annual public file report listing specified information about its recruitment efforts. PRX was down 10%, falling to about $37.6 million in total revenue for 2020. As discussed previously, copies of all FCC EEO audit letters, licensee responses, and FCC rulings must also be included in the audited stations public file and are available for public review in a stations online public file. If an NCE asks for carriage, then a copy of the request must be kept in the public file for the duration of time the request covers. Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president. Introduction. Individuals and groups can often resolve problems with stations at the local level. [citation needed], University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, National Association of Educational Broadcasters, a special band reserved for such broadcasts, "Alternative Sources of Funding for Public Broadcasting Stations", "Guidelines for programs distributed by PBS", "America needs public broadcasting, and arts and humanities agencies", "PBS and NPR are ready to fight budget cuts -- again", "Corporation For Public Broadcasting: Reported Trump Privatization Plan Would Be "Devastating" To Public Media", UNC-Chapel Hill Master of Public Administration, "Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, 73.501 Channels available for assignment", "Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, 73.513 Noncommercial educational FM stations operating on unreserved channels", "About Us: 50 Years of HoustonPBS History", "How Public Radio Scotch-Taped Its Way Into Public Broadcasting Act", "Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service", "PBS discount plan a 'no-brainer' for WLVT", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting_in_the_United_States&oldid=1103978631, This page was last edited on 11 August 2022, at 22:21. Employment Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity ("EEO") The audience for public television programming increased sharply over the past year: In 2020, the NewsHour program, which airs on PBS, attracted 1.2 million viewers on average, up 18% from the year before. Federal law prohibits the broadcast of advertisements for a lottery or information concerning a lottery. Commercial and Noncommercial Educational Stations The statute and FCC rules list a number of exceptions to this prohibition, principally advertisements for: In 1999, the Supreme Court held that the prohibition on broadcasting advertisements for lawful casino gambling could not constitutionally be applied to truthful advertisements broadcast by radio or television stations licensed in states where gambling is legal. Video Description B. However, if you believe that an advertisement is offensive because of the nature of the item advertised, the scheduling of the announcement, or the way the message is presented, you should consider addressing your complaint directly to the station or network involved, providing the date and time of the broadcast and the product or advertiser in question. For similar complaints received after the first year of operation, although the station is not financially responsible for resolving the complaint, it must provide effective technical assistance to the complaining party. Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 created the Cooperation for Public Broadcasting board, all five members from the same party. https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/loud-commercials-tv; https://www.fcc.gov/media/policy/loud-commercials, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/complaints-about-broadcast-advertising, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/interference-radio-tv-and-telephone-signals, https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/technologies-systems-and-innovation-division/rules-regulations-title-47, Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations. However, these acknowledgements may not interrupt the station's regular programming. Under Category A of the processing guidelines, television licensees are eligible for routine staff-level approval of the children's television programming portion of their renewal applications if they air either (i) three hours per week (as averaged over a six month period) of Core Programming or (ii) 156 hours of Core Programming annually, including at least 26 hours per quarter of regularly scheduled weekly programming of at least 30 minutes in length and up to 52 hours annually of Core Programs of at least 30 minutes in length that are not aired on a regularly scheduled weekly basis, such as educational specials and regularly scheduled non-weekly programming. Golden Age of American radio | Definition, Shows, & Facts A viewer wanting to see the captions must use a set-top decoder or a television with built-in decoder circuitry. Silhouette images from motion picture films were broadcast to the general public on a regular basis, at a resolution of just 48 lines. The number of member organizations flagship educational and community organizations that operate at least one station stood at 254, down 4% from the previous year. [12][13], The passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 which was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and was modeled in part after a 1965 study on educational television by the Carnegie Corporation of New York precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. Public broadcasting: why? how? - UNESCO Closed Captioning Shared Services Agreements However, as public trustees, broadcast licensees may not intentionally distort the news. Applications to Build New Stations; Length of License Period Houston's KUHT was the nation's first public television station, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953 from the campus of the University of Houston. Eventually, LMS will replace CDBS for radio. If you do not file an on-line complaint at https://consumercomplaints.fcc.gov/hc/en-us, at a minimum your complaint should indicate: (1) the call letters of the station; (2) the city and state in which the station is located; (3) the name, time, and date of the specific program or advertisement in question, if applicable; (4) the name of anyone contacted at the station, if applicable; and (5) a statement of the problem, as specific as possible, together with an audio or video tape, CD, DVD or other recording or transcript of the program or advertisement that is the subject of your complaint (if possible). Networks such as Iowa Public Radio, South Dakota Public Radio, and Wisconsin Public Radio began under this structure. A lottery is any game, contest, or promotion that contains the elements of prize, chance, and "consideration" (a legal term that means an act or promise that is made to induce someone into an agreement). Additional information on the closed captioning requirements can be found on the FCCs website at https://www.fcc.gov/general/closed-captioning-video-programming-television. cornell application graduate; conflict of nations: world war 3 unblocked; stone's throw farm shelbyville, ky; words to describe a supermodel; navy board schedule fy22 While NOAA Weather Radio has individual terrestrial repeaters across the United States (albeit on a special band reserved for such broadcasts), WWV, VOA and others operate from single shortwave facilities; none of these services can be heard on the AM or FM bands most common on U.S. radio. Because digital radio technology allows a radio station to transmit simultaneously in both analog and digital, listeners can use their current radios to receive the analog signals of radio stations that transmit both analog and digital signals. With the advent of digital television, additional public television networks most of which have direct or indirect association with PBS have also launched, to provide additional cultural, entertainment and instructional programming. The FCC has five Commissioners, each of whom is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. During the 2016 campaign, Hillary Clinton received ________ amount of media coverage as Donald Trump Much of the national news that is published in local newspapers is provided by ________. If a station airs a disclaimer before the broadcast that clearly characterizes the program as fiction and the disclaimer is presented in a reasonable manner under the circumstances, the program is presumed not to pose foreseeable public harm. Introduction Annapolis Junction, MD 20701. Therefore, the FCC cannot prevent the broadcast of any particular point of view. a small number of giant, privately owned corporations control most of the country's television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites. News Distortion An average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find that the material, as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; The material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable law; and. Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau At the local public radio level, an analysis of the public filings provided by 123 of the largest news-oriented licensees (organizations that operate local public radio stations) shows that in 2019 the last year for which reliable data is available total revenue for this group was $989.7 million. a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional. public broadcasting in the united states quizlet. Unlike the mandatory digital transition deadline for television stations, radio stations can continue to operate in analog and have discretion whether also to transmit in digital and, if so, when to begin operating digitally. Explore the patterns and longitudinal data about public broadcasting below. At the request of 39 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, the FCC conducted a proceeding asking the publics comment on violent programming. The trend in concentration of traditional media ownership occurred in large part due to the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980's and the 1990's. During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court. Programming AccessBroadcast Programming: Law and Policy on Specific Kinds of Programming Manufacturers of apparatus must provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for activating the secondary audio stream, such as a button or icon. Because you watch and listen to the stations that we license, you can be a valuable and effective advocate. Each commercial full power and Class A station must keep a copy of its decision in the public file for the three-year period to which it pertains. Information about how to activate the secondary audio is available from the customer service department of the TV manufacturer or from your subscription TV provider. The goal of this policy is to help children distinguish between commercials and program content. Broadcasters are required to upload only those items required to be in the public file but not otherwise filed with the Commission or available in a Commission database. As with renewal applications, you can also file an informal objection to these types of applications, or any other application, at any time before we either grant or deny the application. On the television side, NewsHour derives its revenue from a variety of sources, including PBS, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and a mix of nonpublic streams such as corporations, individual giving and foundations. We urge you to make use of the resources contained on this site, which may outline more recent developments in the law not discussed in the current version of this Manual. In response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination rather than state of discrimination. Our EEO recruitment rules have three prongs. From 1948 to 2013, foreign-targeted broadcasts, many of which were intended as propaganda, were barred from U.S. audiences because of the SmithMundt Act, a restriction that has since been lifted. List of United States over-the-air television networks - Wikipedia Objectionable Programming. The First Amendment of the Constitution "Public Broadcasting" refers to any television, radio, and digital media that. False or Misleading Advertising Which of the following statements best characterizes the traditional news media's relationship to objectivity? The annual EEO public file report must also be posted on a stations website, if one exists. This revenue for local public radio comes from a range of streams, but individual giving (which includes member revenue and major gifts) and underwriting (from businesses and foundations as well as other nonprofit organizations) are two key sources of funding. Public broadcasting refers to any television, radio, and digital media that receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars. As is the case with most other federal agencies, the FCC generally cannot adopt or change rules without first describing or publishing the proposed rules and asking the public for comment. The Montgomery bus boycott began after ______ refused to give up her seat for a white man. How to File a Loud Commercial Complaint Closed captioning is a technology designed to provide access to television programming by persons with hearing disabilities by displaying, in text form, the audio portion of a broadcast, as well as descriptions of background noise and sound effects. Additional information about fund solicitation can be found at https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/broadcasting-contests-lotteries-and. Broadcast of Telephone Conversations. EEO public file reports are not created on FCC forms and therefore are not filed in CDBS or LMS on forms of their own, but a stations two most recent public file reports are filed as attachments when a station files Form 396. Television Broadcasting, History of | Encyclopedia.com Support for continuing CPB funding by liberals, independents and many conservatives in Congress has led to many of these efforts being defeated at the federal level, although there have been successful attempts to reduce though not eliminate funding for public television stations by some state legislatures. . The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to. WTTW How Hip Hop Changed the World Fight the Power Hip Hop is adopted as the voice of protest around the world. Public radio stations in the United States tend to broadcast a mixture of news and talk programs along with music and arts/cultural programming. You can find links to our rules on the Commission website at https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/technologies-systems-and-innovation-division/rules-regulations-title-47. Some of the larger operations split off these formats into separate stations or networks. (This includes listeners of NPR programming as well as original or other syndicated content aired on these stations.). Which federal agency regulates broadcast media in the United States Login . This policy does not apply to: 1) third-party sites linked from the companys web pages; 2) on-air third-party advertisements with website references to third-party websites; or 3) pages that are primarily devoted to multiple characters from multiple programs. The Media Bureaus database will also indicate the date the application appeared on Public Notice. Acceptable enhanced underwriting acknowledgements of for-profit donors or underwriters may include: (1) logograms and slogans that identify but do not promote; (2) location information; (3) value-neutral descriptions of a product line or service; and (4) brand names, trade names, and product service listings. Thus, if emergency information is provided aurally, such information also must be provided in a visual format for persons who are deaf or hard of hearing. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET). The First Amendment and the Communications Act expressly prohibit the Commission from censoring broadcast matter. For example, casino gambling is generally considered to be a lottery subject to the terms of the advertising restriction although, as discussed below, the prohibition is not applied to truthful advertisements for lawful casino gambling. public broadcasting in the united states quizlet The Supreme Court ruled in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) that racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts. there is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States. For additional information about the rule concerning lotteries, see https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/broadcasting-contests-lotteries-and-solicitation-funds. The rules also provide certain exemptions from the captioning requirements. Access to Emergency Information The practice of training reporters to produce a standardized, seemingly neutral news product was the result of the newspaper industry's realization that the best way to make a profit was to not alienate potential readers who held liberal or conservative political views. Find more in-depth explorations of public broadcasting by following the links below: 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA FCC Regulation of Broadcast Radio and Television, Commercial and Noncommercial Educational Stations, Applications to Build New Stations; Length of License Period, Public Participation in the Licensing Process, Criticism, Ridicule, and Humor Concerning Individuals, Groups, and Institutions, Political Broadcasting: Candidates for Public Office, Programming Inciting "Imminent Lawless Action", Obscene, Indecent, or Profane Programming, How to File an Obscenity, Indecency, or Profanity Complaint, Educational and Informational Programming, Apparatus Requirements for Emergency Information and Video Description, Business Practices, Advertising Rates, and Profits, Employment Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity ("EEO"), Underwriting Announcements on Noncommercial Educational Stations, How to Resolve Blanketing Interference Problems, Requirement to Maintain a Public Inspection File, Children's Television Programming Reports, Material Relating to an FCC Investigation or Complaint, Donor Lists for Non-Commercial Educational Channels ("NCEs"), Records Concerning Children's Programming Commercial Limits, Must-Carry or Retransmission Consent Elections, Class A TV Continuing Eligibility Documentation, Sponsorship Identification - Political Matter and Controversial Issues of Public Importance, Information on Third-Party Fundraising by NCE stations. Most communities also have public-access television channels on local cable television systems, which are generally paid for by cable television franchise fees and sometimes supported in part through citizen donations. Obscene, Indecent, or Profane Programming Explain the difference between compliance and conformity. After we hear from the public and consider all comments received, we generally have several options. About 26.1 million average weekly listeners tuned in to NPR programming during the year, down from 28.0 million in 2019, according to internal data provided by the organization. Underwriting Announcements on Noncommercial Educational Stations These are the people responsible for creating and selecting the station's programs and announcements and determining station operation. Radio: The Internet of the 1930s | APM Reports Material terms, include those factors that define the operation of the contest and affect participation, such as entry deadlines, the prizes that can be won, and how winners will be selected. Underwriting Announcements on Noncommercial Educational Stations. Broadcast Journalism Public Participation in the Licensing Process Fax: (202) 418-0232 For additional information about the political rules, see https://www.fcc.gov/media/policy/political-programming. Nevertheless, there are two issues related to broadcast journalism that are subject to Commission regulation: hoaxes and news distortion. As required by the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, the FCC has adopted rules to require some, but not all, television programs to include audio description. After the applicant (now considered a permittee) builds the station, it must file a license application in which it certifies that it has constructed the station consistent with the technical and other terms specified in its construction permit. Digital Television beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people. The Commissions rules impose certain obligations on licensees to resolve these interference complaints. The financial picture for news outlets in public broadcasting appeared strong both locally and nationally. As noted earlier, the rules governing broadcast stations are generally found in Part 73 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support the station directly with donations).

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