haplogroup g origin

The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. P257 was first reported in 2008. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. A plot of the sub-clades included in the principal component analysis (Figure 3b) indicates that the clustering of the populations from NW Caucasus is due to their U1* frequency, whereas L497 lineages account for the separation of central Europeans. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Siiri Rootsi,Mari Jrve,Ildus Kutuev,Krt Varendi,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Doron M Behar,Alena Kushniarevich&Richard Villems, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, Ildus Kutuev,Elza K Khusnutdinova&Rita Khusainova, Departamento de Gentica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Human Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Hovhannes Sahakyan,Levon Yepiskoposyan&Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Immunology department, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie L. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I et al. Another notable feature is its uneven distribution. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. The L141 mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 2948607. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. and JavaScript. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the Linearbandkeramische Kultur ("Linear Band Ceramic Culture"; LBK). Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F et al. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran. See: Poznik. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R et al. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M et al. Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. Men from the Caucasus and men from eastern Europe also form distinctive STR clusters. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, Bidirectional dispersals during the peopling of the North American Arctic, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians, Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/, Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Sex-biased patterns shaped the genetic history of Roma, Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas, Cancel (b) Principal component analysis by hg G sub-clades: (A) M285, P20, P287, P15, L92 P16, M286, M485, P303, U1, L497, M527, M406, Page19, M287 and M377 sub-haplogroups with respect to total M201. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Semino et al. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic . They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. Correspondence to Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. Ashkenazi Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. Notably no basal G-M201*, Page94*(xM285, P287) chromosomes were detected in our data set. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps.

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