bantu expansion genocide

and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Twa - Wikipedia In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. Has data issue: true The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. The migrants settled in three primary areas. "useRatesEcommerce": false In Eastern and Southern Africa, Bantu speakers may have adopted livestock husbandry from other unrelated Cushitic-and Nilotic-speaking peoples they encountered. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. [35] Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal) by AD 500. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . The Problem of the Bantu Expansion | The Journal of African History In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. Will Bantu Supremacy in South Africa Spark Another "Rwandan Genocide They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. What area? India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Your email address will not be published. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. Its a MYTH. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Required fields are marked *. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa Reading time: 4 minutes About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. Oliver and Mathew, op. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. These are huge areas. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. The Zulu are a military people, forged in a crucible of violence and predatory warfare, and in the early decades of the 19th century, they emerged as a martial society on an almost Spartan scale. Archaeologies of the Bantu Expansion | The Oxford Handbook of African He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. These states became the hubs of the continent, forming strong militaries, economic ties with local and international traders, and complex political structures. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. 22 January 2009. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. No, it's not. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. 21128. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. How much did the Khoisan population shrink during the Bantu expansion Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Ethnic Groups Of Rwanda - WorldAtlas In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. fall into the classification of genocide. Formed in 1075, Mapungubwe was a renowned trading city linking Africa, Asia, and Europe. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Population collapse in Congo rainforest from 400 CE urges - Science The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar.

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